US Government: Democracy and Constitution Units

Unit 1: Democracy

• Democracy originated in ancient Athens and Rome (city-states)
• Characterized by participation (demos) and rule (kratos)
• Built on primitive forms of democratic concepts found in hunter-gatherer societies.
• Athenian democracy lasted about 200 years
• Modern democracies are diverse and have evolved over time.

Unit 2: US Constitution

• The Stamp Act (1765) imposed a tax on printed materials in the colonies.
• Colonists reacted with boycotts and protests.
• The Townshend Acts (later) imposed taxes on imported goods.
• The American Revolution, a struggle between patriots and loyalists, took place between 1775-1783.
• The American Revolution was a struggle against British rule.
• The Treaty of Paris in 1783 ended the war and recognized the independence of the United States.
• Thomas Paine's writings advocated for representative democracy.

Unit 3: Federalism

• The Articles of Confederation were established prior to the Constitution.
• The Articles of Confederation lacked a strong central government.
• This led to many problems for the new nation.
• Federalism: a governmental system where powers are divided between the central and regional governments.
• Has advantages and disadvantages.

Unit 4: Civil Liberties and Rights

• Civil liberties are fundamental rights protected from government infringement.
• The Bill of Rights is the first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution.
• Protects individual freedoms like speech, religion, etc.
• The importance of balancing individual liberties with public order is an ongoing social and political debate.
• Examples include the early American history through contemporary examples like the USA Patriot Act.

Unit 5: The Presidency

• The American presidency is not the same as the monarchial systems of other countries
• The American form of government was based on precedents as well.
• Presidential requirements in terms of age, birthright, citizenship, and residence are defined in the constitution.
• The 22nd Amendment limits presidents to two elected terms.
• Power of the President is frequently checked by the Executive branch, Congress and the Judiciary.
• Examples of power include being the Commander in chief of the armed forces, appointing ambassadors, making treaties, granting pardons, and vetoing legislation.

Unit 6: Congress

• The structure of Congress, with a bicameral system of a House of Representatives and a Senate, was designed with compromises to balance the needs of different states.
• Congressional members represent specific constituencies, either state-wide or through districts.
• Key responsibilities include making laws, declaring war, and approving presidential appointments.
• Congress is a significant part of the legislative process.

Unit 7: The Judiciary

• The US judicial branch derives from English legal traditions including its use of precedents, and trial by jury.
• The Judiciary Act of 1789 established the structure of the federal court system (District Courts, Circuit Courts, and Supreme Court).
• Federal court justices’ terms are lifetime appointments.
• The US Supreme Court can review laws enacted by Congress and state legislatures to ensure they are consistent with the Constitution.
• Judicial review is a very important check on executive and legislative power.

Unit 8: Political Parties

• Political parties are important for organizing and influencing government.
• They support candidates, influence policy, and mobilize voters.
• There have historically been multiple distinct political parties, which have evolved
• The two-party system, currently composed of Democrats and Republicans, greatly influences American political discourse and campaigns.

Unit 9: Elections and Political Participation

• Elections are a fundamental aspect of American democracy.
• The Electoral College, rather than a direct popular vote, determines the US president.
• Campaign financing, rules, and regulations are complex, and the power of money in politics continues to be substantial
• Political participation involves voting, activism and other related activities.

Unit 10: The News & Social Media

• Mass media are crucial for disseminating information, including news.
• News media typically act as a check on governmental excesses.
• Contemporary sources like social media have profoundly changed how the general public is informed.
• The media’s ability to shape public perceptions and sway opinions is important to understand.
• Mass media include newspapers, TV, radio, and Internet outlets.

Unit 11: Interest Groups

• Interest groups are organizations of like-minded people who attempt to influence public policy.
• Interest groups play a role in influencing the government.
• Interest groups frequently use lobbying and other tactics to meet their goals.

Unit 12: US Foreign Policy

• US foreign policy has evolved over time. A focus on national interest during the rise of the nation gives way to international involvement later.
• Economic, social, and political considerations are a part of foreign policy decision making.
• Issues like immigration, refugee status, and undocumented immigration are key components of foreign policy.