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Questions and Answers
What did the Declaration of Independence aim to achieve?
What did the Declaration of Independence aim to achieve?
Rally troops, secure foreign allies, and justify the break from Britain.
What was the main argument presented in Brutus 1?
What was the main argument presented in Brutus 1?
A strong central government would threaten individual liberties and state sovereignty.
What was the primary argument in Federalist 10?
What was the primary argument in Federalist 10?
A large republic with numerous factions would lead to compromise and prevent any single faction from dominating.
What is a faction, according to James Madison?
What is a faction, according to James Madison?
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What was the primary purpose of the Constitution?
What was the primary purpose of the Constitution?
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What is the primary function of Article 1 of the Constitution?
What is the primary function of Article 1 of the Constitution?
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Summarize Alexander Hamilton's argument in Federalist 70.
Summarize Alexander Hamilton's argument in Federalist 70.
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The 15th Amendment prohibits states from denying voting rights based on race.
The 15th Amendment prohibits states from denying voting rights based on race.
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The 17th Amendment established the direct election of senators by the people.
The 17th Amendment established the direct election of senators by the people.
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The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote.
The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote.
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The 22nd Amendment limits the president to two terms in office.
The 22nd Amendment limits the president to two terms in office.
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The 24th Amendment abolished poll taxes.
The 24th Amendment abolished poll taxes.
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What does the 25th Amendment address?
What does the 25th Amendment address?
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Summarize the ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland.
Summarize the ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland.
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What was the outcome of Baker v. Carr?
What was the outcome of Baker v. Carr?
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What was the main issue in Shaw v. Reno?
What was the main issue in Shaw v. Reno?
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Summarize the ruling in Citizens United v. FEC.
Summarize the ruling in Citizens United v. FEC.
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What is the basic concept of federalism?
What is the basic concept of federalism?
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What is the purpose of fiscal federalism?
What is the purpose of fiscal federalism?
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Which type of grant provides funding for specific and clearly defined purposes?
Which type of grant provides funding for specific and clearly defined purposes?
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Which type of grant provides funding for general programs within a broad category?
Which type of grant provides funding for general programs within a broad category?
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What is a government mandate?
What is a government mandate?
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What is an unfunded mandate?
What is an unfunded mandate?
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What are concurrent powers?
What are concurrent powers?
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Explain the Necessary and Proper Clause.
Explain the Necessary and Proper Clause.
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What is the Electoral College?
What is the Electoral College?
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What is the winner-take-all system in presidential elections?
What is the winner-take-all system in presidential elections?
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Describe 'horse race journalism'.
Describe 'horse race journalism'.
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Incumbents generally have an advantage in elections.
Incumbents generally have an advantage in elections.
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What is the core principle of Keynesian fiscal policy?
What is the core principle of Keynesian fiscal policy?
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What is the main focus of supply-side economics?
What is the main focus of supply-side economics?
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What is sampling error?
What is sampling error?
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Explain retrospective voting.
Explain retrospective voting.
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What is prospective voting?
What is prospective voting?
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What is political efficacy?
What is political efficacy?
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What is an exit poll?
What is an exit poll?
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What is the main idea of the Full Faith and Credit Clause?
What is the main idea of the Full Faith and Credit Clause?
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Summarize the amendment process.
Summarize the amendment process.
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What is the basic concept of participatory democracy?
What is the basic concept of participatory democracy?
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Describe the key idea of pluralist democracy.
Describe the key idea of pluralist democracy.
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What is the core belief of the elite model?
What is the core belief of the elite model?
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What are liberal views generally associated with?
What are liberal views generally associated with?
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What is American political culture?
What is American political culture?
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Explain the concept of judicial review.
Explain the concept of judicial review.
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What is the key idea of a limited government?
What is the key idea of a limited government?
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What is political socialization?
What is political socialization?
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What are the two main political parties in the United States?
What are the two main political parties in the United States?
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What are candidate-centered campaigns?
What are candidate-centered campaigns?
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What factors typically influence the likelihood of voting?
What factors typically influence the likelihood of voting?
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Study Notes
Declaration of Independence
- Used to rally troops and secure foreign alliances.
- Preamble justified the colonies' separation from Britain.
Brutus No. 1
- Argued against a strong central government.
- Warned of threats to individual liberties and state sovereignty.
- Advocated for a decentralized government with more local control.
Federalist No. 10
- Written by James Madison.
- Argued that a republic with many factions would prevent any one faction from dominating.
- Compromise and debate would be necessary to pass laws.
Factions
- Groups of citizens motivated by self-interest aimed at dominating government.
Constitution
- Created a national government with sufficient power to act but without infringing on basic rights.
- Written to address weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.
Article 1
- Establishes the legislative branch (Congress).
- Congress is bicameral, composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate.
Article 2
- Establishes the executive branch, headed by the president.
- Outlines presidential election methods, powers, duties, and removal procedures.
Federalist No. 70
- Alexander Hamilton argued for a single, energetic executive.
- This executive is crucial for protecting liberty and property.
- A strong executive can better manage laws and defend against foreign threats.
15th Amendment (1870)
- Prohibits denying voting rights based on race.
17th Amendment
- Established the direct election of senators by the people, rather than state legislatures.
19th Amendment (1920)
- Granted women the right to vote.
22nd Amendment
- Limits presidents to two terms or ten years in office.
24th Amendment
- Abolished poll taxes.
25th Amendment
- Addresses presidential succession and disability.
- Outlines procedures for filling vacancies in the presidency and vice presidency.
McCulloch v. Maryland
- Supreme Court ruled federal law superior to state law. This involved a Maryland tax on a national bank.
Baker v. Carr
- Established the principle of "one person, one vote."
- All votes within a state should have equal weight regardless of residency.
Shaw v. Reno
- Ruled that race cannot be the sole factor in drawing voting districts.
- This case challenged North Carolina's redistricting plan.
Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
- Ruled that restrictions on corporate and union contributions to political campaigns violate free speech.
Federalism
- Division of power between national and state governments.
Fiscal Federalism
- How the federal government spends, taxes, and distributes grants to state and local governments.
Categorical Grants
- Funds for specific, clearly defined purposes.
Block Grants
- General funds for programs within a broad category.
Government Mandate
- Federal directives states must follow, often with financial incentives.
Unfunded Mandate
- Federal directives without financial support for compliance.
Concurrent Powers
- Shared powers between national and state governments.
Necessary and Proper Clause
- Grants Congress powers implied but not explicitly stated in the Constitution.
Electoral College
- Unique American institution for presidential selection by electors.
Winner-Take-All System
- The party with one more vote than any other wins all the electoral votes in a state.
Horse-Race Journalism
- News coverage that focuses on who is ahead in a campaign, rather than policy issues.
Incumbency Advantage
- An advantage for the current officeholder during re-election campaigns.
Keynesian Fiscal Policy
- Government spending and tax cuts increase economic activity.
Supply-Side Economics
- Reagan-era policy aimed at increasing economic supply by decreasing tax rates.
Sampling Error
- Potential inaccuracies of a sample survey's findings due to not accurately representing the population.
Retrospective Voting
- Evaluating a candidate's or party's previous performance in office.
Prospective Voting
- Voting based on a candidate's platform and policy proposals.
Political Efficacy
- Belief that political participation can influence policy outcomes.
Exit Polls
- Surveys conducted after voters leave polling places.
Full Faith and Credit Clause
- Article IV, Section 1 of the Constitution requires states to recognize the laws and court decisions of other states.
Underfunded Mandate
- Federal government gradually reduces funding for a program, leaving states to cover the shortfall.
Amendment Process
- Amendments must be proposed and ratified via specific constitutional processes
Participatory Democracy
- Emphasizes broad citizen participation in political processes for a true democracy
Pluralist Democracy
- Characterized by competition and bargaining between interest groups, which influence policies.
Elite Model
- Political power is concentrated in a few influential elite individuals and groups.
Liberal Views
- Support for social equality and active government intervention.
American Political Culture
- Dominant beliefs, customs, traditions, and values defining citizens' relationship with government.
Judicial Review
- Power of federal courts to declare laws unconstitutional.
Limited Government
- Government power is restricted to prevent tyranny over citizens; protecting rights and maintaining checks & balances.
Political Socialization
- Factors influencing voters' political beliefs.
Political Parties
- Organized groups that attempt to place candidates in office.
Candidate-Centered Campaigns
- Campaigns focused on the candidate, not necessarily the party affiliation.
Likelihood of Voting
- Factors such as age, education, gender, and economic status influence voting habits.
Bully Pulpit
- Presidential use of media platforms to promote policies and engage the public.
Executive Checks Legislative
- Veto power, nomination of officials, and budgetary influence.
Legislative Checks Executive
- Impeachment, confirmation or rejection of nominees, and oversight.
House Rules Committee
- Sets rules regulating debates and amendments in the House of Representatives.
- Similar to a "traffic cop" for legislation in the House.
Filibuster
- Senate tactic to delay or block a vote through extended debate.
- Senators can speak for any amount of time until recognized by the presiding officer.
Presidential Approval Ratings
- Public assessment of a president's performance.
Gridlock
- Political stalemate in government when different parties control different branches.
Apportionment
- Allocation of congressional seats based on a state's population during the decennial census.
Congressional Leadership
- Speaker of the House, party leaders, and whips organize and direct the House.
Minority Leader
- Advocates for minority party's agenda and legislation.
Whips
- Links party leaders to other members, facilitating legislative action.
Types of Voters in Congress
- Partisan, delegate, trustee, politician-types, and log-rolling.
Impeachment Process
- House formally accuses, Senate tries and removes an official.
Congressional Oversight
- Congress' authority to monitor executive branch activities.
Interest Group Activities
- Educating the public, lobbying, drafting legislation, mobilizing members.
Lobbying
- Influencing legislative outcomes and policy makers' decisions.
Winner Take All System
- Candidate with most votes wins all electoral votes in a state;
- A voting method.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key U.S. founding documents, including the Declaration of Independence and Federalist papers. Explore the arguments for and against a strong central government and the creation of the Constitution. This quiz covers essential concepts that shaped America.