Questions and Answers
What was the Canal Zone?
An area between Panama and Columbia that was separated to build a canal linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, operated by the United States.
What did the Monroe Doctrine pledge?
To defend the Western Hemisphere from European intervention.
What is the Roosevelt Corollary?
An addition to the Monroe Doctrine stating that the US should act as an 'International Police Power' in the Western Hemisphere.
What was Dollar Diplomacy?
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"Moral Imperialism" was an idea proposed by which president?
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What was the Great War?
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What was the Lusitania?
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What does "freedom of the seas" refer to?
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What was 'preparedness' in the context of WWI?
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What was the Zimmerman Telegram?
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What were the Fourteen Points?
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What was the League of Nations?
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Who is John J. Pershing?
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What was the Selective Service Act of 1917?
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Who headed the War Industries Board?
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What was the Food Administration?
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What are liberty bonds?
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What was the Industrial Workers of the World?
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What was the Committee on Public Information?
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Who was Jeannette Rankin?
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What was the National Women's Party?
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What is the 19th Amendment?
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Who was Margaret Sanger?
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What did the 18th Amendment accomplish?
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What was the Espionage Act?
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What did the Sedition Act of 1918 ban?
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Who is Eugene V. Debs?
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What was the "race problem"?
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What is eugenics?
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What does Americanization entail?
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What is the melting-pot concept?
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Who is Lewis Terman?
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What was the Gentlemen's Agreement?
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What was 'Birth of a Nation'?
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Who is W.E.B. Du Bois?
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What is 'The Souls of Black Folk'?
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What was the Niagara Movement?
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What does NAACP stand for?
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What was The Crisis?
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What was the Great Migration?
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What is lynching?
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What was the Universal Negro Improvement Association?
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Who is Marcus Garvey?
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What is a general strike?
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Who was A. Mitchell Palmer?
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What was the 1919 steel strike?
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What was the Red Scare?
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What were the Palmer Raids?
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Who is J. Edgar Hoover?
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Who was Emma Goldman?
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What was the Treaty of Versailles?
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Study Notes
Canal Zone
- Established under Roosevelt to facilitate the construction of a canal linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
- A territory between Panama and Colombia, governed by the United States.
Monroe Doctrine
- Issued by James Monroe, asserting U.S. defense of the Western Hemisphere against European intervention.
Roosevelt Corollary
- An extension of the Monroe Doctrine by Theodore Roosevelt, declaring the U.S. right to act as an "International Police Power" in the Western Hemisphere.
Dollar Diplomacy
- Foreign policy of President Taft focused on investing in foreign economies, particularly in Honduras, Nicaragua, the Dominican Republic, and Liberia, to strengthen ties and gain influence.
Moral Imperialism
- Concept introduced by Woodrow Wilson, emphasizing that American economic influence should prioritize liberty and justice over profit, leading to increased military interventions in Latin America.
Great War
- The term used for World War I, ignited by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, involving Allies vs. Central Powers, with initial American neutrality shifting towards joining the Allies due to German actions.
Lusitania
- A British passenger ship, sunk by Germany, resulting in the death of 124 Americans and escalating tensions that contributed to the U.S. entering WWI.
Freedom of the Seas
- A principle advocating for neutral nations' rights to trade without disruption during wartime.
Preparedness
- A program initiated to drastically expand U.S. military forces in response to the growing threats posed by WWI.
Zimmerman Telegram
- An intercepted communication from Germany to Mexico proposing an alliance against the U.S., leading to a declaration of war by President Wilson.
Fourteen Points
- Outlined by Wilson in January 1918, advocating for self-determination, open diplomacy, free trade, and the establishment of the League of Nations.
League of Nations
- Proposed by Wilson as a global peace organization; however, the U.S. never joined.
John J. Pershing
- Commander of U.S. forces in WWI, notably leading the Meuse-Argonne Campaign.
Meuse-Argonne Campaign
- The largest and first significant engagement of American troops in WWI, pivotal in pushing back German forces and contributing to their eventual surrender.
Selective Service Act (1917)
- Required 24 million men to register for the draft, swelling the U.S. Army from 120,000 to over 5 million.
Bernard Baruch
- Wall Street financier who led the War Industries Board, overseeing wartime production and regulation.
War Industries Board
- Directed wartime economic mobilization, setting standards across various industries from rubber to food supplies.
Food Administration
- Managed by Herbert Hoover, aimed at increasing food production and efficiency to support Allied forces.
Liberty Bonds
- War bonds purchased by citizens to finance military expenses, with promises of repayment post-war.
Industrial Workers of the World
- A labor organization opposing U.S. participation in WWI, advocating for workers' rights and leading strikes post-war.
Committee on Public Information
- Created by Wilson to promote World War I efforts through widespread pro-war propaganda, including pamphlets and speeches by Four Minute Men.
Four Minute Men
- A group delivering brief pro-war speeches nationwide to encourage bonds purchase and enlistment in the military.
Jeannette Rankin
- The first woman in Congress who opposed both WWI and WWII, and later protested against the Vietnam War.
National Women's Party
- Led by Alice Paul, focused on securing women's suffrage using militant and confrontational tactics.
Alice Paul
- A prominent suffragist who advocated for women's voting rights and engaged in hunger strikes for her cause.
19th Amendment (1920)
- Granted women the legal right to vote in the United States.
Margaret Sanger
- Advocate for birth control, founder of the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League.
18th Amendment
- Legally prohibited alcohol manufacturing and sales, ratified in 1919, enforced by the Volstead Act.
Espionage Act
- Enacted in 1917, limited free speech, targeting espionage, draft interference, and false statements harmful to military efforts.
Sedition Act
- Passed in 1918, criminalized speech or writings perceived as disrespectful to the government or interfering with the war, leading to numerous convictions.
Eugene V. Debs
- Socialist leader jailed under the Espionage Act for an anti-war speech.
Race Problem
- Reflected tensions within America’s ethnic diversity, highlighting conflict beyond black and white to encompass various immigrant groups.
Eugenics
- The pseudoscience aimed at justifying racial superiority and anti-immigrant sentiment through supposed mental and physical traits.
Americanization
- The process wherein immigrants adopt American customs and culture to integrate into society.
Melting Pot
- The concept that immigrants should blend into a singular American identity, based on a popular play by Jewish immigrant Israel Zangwill.
Lewis Terman
- Stanford psychologist who introduced the concept of IQ, using tests that reflected biases against immigrants and African Americans.
Gentlemen's Agreement
- A compromise where Japan agreed to limit immigration in exchange for allowing families of existing immigrants to join them in the U.S.
Birth of a Nation
- A controversial film directed by D.W. Griffith that celebrated the Ku Klux Klan, premiered at the White House.
W.E.B. Du Bois
- Co-founder of the NAACP, advocated for civil rights and the need for African Americans to challenge segregation.
The Souls of Black Folk
- Du Bois’s influential book calling for immediate equality and civil rights for African Americans.
Niagara Movement
- A civil rights organization founded by Du Bois focusing on the rights of black citizens, eventually leading to the formation of the NAACP.
NAACP
- Organization established from the Niagara Movement, aimed at fighting for African American rights through legal channels.
The Crisis
- The NAACP's monthly publication, promoting civil rights and encouraging black participation in WWI.
Great Migration
- The migration of a vast number of African Americans from the rural South to urban centers in the North between 1910 and 1920, driven by economic opportunities and the desire to escape racial violence.
Lynching
- Extra-judicial killings, often racially motivated, that claimed the lives of thousands of African Americans in the U.S.
Universal Negro Improvement Association
- Founded by Marcus Garvey, focused on promoting African American independence and pride.
Marcus Garvey
- A leader who believed in the necessity of separate black institutions and the pursuit of self-reliance.
General Strike
- A widespread strike involving multiple industries; significant strikes occurred in cities like Belfast, Glasgow, and Winnipeg following WWI.
A. Mitchell Palmer
- U.S. Attorney General who associated labor strikes with communism, leading to raids against labor organizations.
1919 Steel Strike
- A major strike in Chicago uniting immigrant workers demanding better working conditions and wages.
Red Scare
- A period following WWI characterized by political unrest and fear of communism, exacerbated by the Russian Revolution.
Palmer Raids
- Government actions led by Palmer against suspected radicals and labor organizations following the Red Scare.
J. Edgar Hoover
- Director of the Radical Division during the Palmer Raids, later became head of the FBI, collecting data on political dissidents.
Emma Goldman
- An anarchist and socialist activist deported after being arrested for her anti-government activities.
Treaty of Versailles
- The peace treaty that concluded WWI, placing heavy penalties on Germany and establishing the League of Nations.
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Test your knowledge on key U.S. foreign policies and doctrines from Roosevelt's Panama Canal initiative to Wilson's Moral Imperialism. This quiz covers significant events and concepts that shaped America's role in international relations during the early 20th century.