Uropathology: Broad Cast

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Questions and Answers

What is the significance of Broad Cast in urine?

Indicates hematuria

Indicates extreme urine stasis and renal failure (correct)

Indicates normal urine flow

Indicates proteinuria

What is the characteristic of Amorphous Urates?

Colorless hexagonal crystals

White precipitates

Pink sediment

Yellow brown granules (correct)

Which of the following crystals is most pleomorphic?

Uric Acid (correct)

Leucine

Cystine

Calcium Oxalate

What is the significance of Calcium Oxalate crystals in urine?

Increases with high oxalic acid in food Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following crystals is commonly seen in patients with liver disease?

Tyrosine Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Triple Phosphate crystals?

Colorless, 3 to 6-sided prisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Ammonium Biurate crystals?

Indicates old specimen Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Cholesterol crystals?

Staircase pattern Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Cystine crystals?

Indicates impaired renal reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Sulfonamide crystals?

Sheaves of wheat Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of male infertility?

Varicocele Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method for collecting semen samples?

Using a non-lubricant condom Signup and view all the answers

How many samples should be collected for fertility testing?

2 or 3 samples Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of vasectomy?

To achieve male sterilization Signup and view all the answers

What is the concern in postvasectomy semen analysis?

The presence or absence of spermatozoa Signup and view all the answers

How should the semen specimen be stored while awaiting analysis?

At 37°C Signup and view all the answers

What should happen to the semen specimen within 30-60 minutes after collection?

It should liquefy Signup and view all the answers

What is the time limit for delivering the semen specimen to the lab?

Within 1 hour Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of secretory diarrhea?

Increased secretion of water and electrolytes that override the reabsorption ability of the large intestine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes is most resistant to intestinal degradation?

Elastase I Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of osmotic diarrhea?

Incomplete breakdown or reabsorption of food in the small intestine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of fecal carbohydrate testing?

To diagnose osmotic diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of lactose intolerance?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of altered motility?

Enhanced or slowed motility in the large intestine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of secretory diarrhea?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of fecal reducing substances testing?

To diagnose congenital disaccharidase deficiencies Signup and view all the answers

Which diluting fluid is traditionally used in the given text?

Formalin-Sodium bicarbonate Signup and view all the answers

According to Kruger's strict criteria, what percentage of normal forms is considered acceptable?

14% Signup and view all the answers

Which stain is the preferred choice for sperm morphology?

Papanicolaou's stain Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic shape of a sperm head affected by varicocele?

Cigar-shaped Signup and view all the answers

For routine criteria, what minimum percentage of normal sperm forms is required?

30% Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate size of the enzyme-containing acrosomal cap?

3 µm Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the sperm head in micrometers?

5 µm Signup and view all the answers

What condition is described as the hardening of veins that drain the testes?

Varicocele Signup and view all the answers

What should be used to assess sperm motility?

A well-mixed, liquefied semen specimen within 1 hour of collection Signup and view all the answers

What is a normal pH range for semen?

7.2-8.0 Signup and view all the answers

Which condition might cause an increased pH value?

Infection Signup and view all the answers

What should be counted when assessing sperm motility?

Percentage of different motile categories Signup and view all the answers

What are the normal sperm motility values within 1 hour?

>50% motile Signup and view all the answers

Which method is commonly used to prepare a sample for sperm concentration assessment?

Dilution 1:20 with mechanical pipet Signup and view all the answers

What does Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA) provide?

Objective determination of sperm velocity and trajectory Signup and view all the answers

What are the borderline sperm concentration values according to the text?

10-20 million/mL Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sperm Motility and Ovum

Sperm motility is critical for fertility and involves assessing various parameters including liquefaction time and sperm concentration.
Liquefaction must occur within 1 hour of specimen collection to ensure accurate assessment.
Semen specimen consistency can be reported on a scale from 0 (watery) to 4 (gel-like).
Sperm motility is categorized as low, normal, or high, with normal pH ranging from 7.2 to 8.0, increasing in infections and decreasing due to prostatic fluid or obstructions.

Density and Liquefaction

Specific gravity (SG) of a normal semen sample is between 1.010 and 1.030.
Sperm concentration is categorized as:
- Normal: 20-250 million/mL (6th ed), 20-160 million/mL (5th ed)
- Borderline: 10-20 million/mL
Testing involves dilution methods, commonly 1:20, and uses various diluents including formalin-sodium bicarbonate and saline.

Semen Analysis Techniques

Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA) offers objective measurements of sperm velocity and trajectory.
Both sperm concentration and morphology are evaluated during analysis, crucial for diagnosing male infertility.

Sperm Morphology

Normal sperm morphology indicates that more than 30% of sperm exhibit normal forms per routine criteria, while Kruger's strict criteria require at least 14% normal forms.
Assessment involves measuring the sperm head, neck, tail, acrosome size, and the presence of vacuoles, although some steps may not be routinely performed.

Staining Techniques

The Papanicolaou stain is the preferred choice for evaluating sperm morphology, although Wright's and Giemsa stains are also utilized.

Varicocele

Varicocele, a condition characterized by hardened veins draining the testes, is a leading cause of male infertility.
Alterations in sperm morphology in the presence of varicocele can include tapered heads, resembling cigar shapes.

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Description

This quiz covers the characteristics and clinical significance of broad casts in urine, including their appearance, source of error, and reporting.