Urology: Trauma, Cancer, and Diagnostics

KUB CT with IV contrast is the gold standard imaging investigation for renal trauma.

CT cystography is the gold standard imaging investigation for bladder trauma.

Radical cystoprostatectomy is the gold standard in the management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

The most common pathology of bladder cancer is Transitional cell carcinoma.

Renal colicky pain refers to renal pelvic and ureteral muscle spasm that radiates from the vertebral angle down toward the lower anterior abdominal quadrant, along the course of the ureter.

Dull and constant ache felt in the costovertebral angle just lateral to the sacrospinalis muscle and just below the 12th rib indicates renal pain.

Digital rectal exam is very useful in the diagnosis of Prostate Cancer, Acute/Chronic prostatitis and Bening prostate hyperplasia

Digital rectal exam is not useful in the diagnosis of Cystitis (Acute/Chronic) and Colorectal cancer

KUB ultrasound is a rapid and easily accessible imaging modality for bladder tumor diagnosis.

Left upper ureteral stone is indicated by KUB X-ray.

BPH < 60 g is an indication for transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).

Torsion of testicular appendage can be diagnosed if a teenage boy presents with left testicular pain for 12 hours, the pain has gradually improved but there is an apparent swelling and a blue dot is visible under the skin on the upper pole of the testis.

Urinary tract infection is a complication of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Hesitancy is an irritative voiding symptom.

Prostate cancer found during a digital rectal exam shows a prostate enlarged in size, irregular, hard, and no pain on palpation.

Start medical therapy in patient with urinary frequency and decreased force of the urinary stream. Digital rectal exam: enlarged prostate, regular border, no pain on palpation. KUB ultrasound: prostate 20 g with normal urinary analysis. IPSS score 19/35.

Oberservation in patient with urinary frequency. Digital rectal exam shows enlarged prostate, regular border, no pain on palpation. KUB ultrasound reports prostate 20 g with normal urinary analysis and IPSS score 7/35.

Open prostatectomy is treatment for patient, 59, come for consultation and reported urinary frequency and decreased force of urinary stream. He reports Digital rectal exam indicates large prostate, regular border, no pain on palpation. KUB ultrasound shows prostate 120 g with normal urinary analysis. IPSS score 30/35.

Transurethral resection of the prostate is an option for patients reporting urinary frequency and decreased force of stream Digital rectal exam shows enlarged prostate, regular border, no pain on palpation.

KUB ultrasound shows prostate 50 g with normal urinary analysis. IPSS score 30/35.

Benign Prostatic hypertrophy results in obstruction of the urinary tract b/c of the enlargement of the median lobe.

Adrenal gland is not a component of the urinary system

Bladder tumor is found in active smokers that are admitted to the hospital for hematuria who also had a history of hematuria with no mass or tenderness.

Prostate cancer is the cause if the patient has hard, irregular prostate based on a digital rectal exam and also an active smoker showing hematuria. There is indication of hematuria with no mass or tenderness.

The following radiological tools can be used for diagnosis of bladder cancer except: Ultrasound, IVU, Chest CT, CT,

The goal standard imaging modality for diagnosis of bladder cancer is CT with contrast

CT with contrast gives excellent data about the Morphology of upper and lower UT, Relations of UT to adjacent organs, Pelvic and abdominal lymph nodes and Evaluate Function of the kidne

Transurethral resection (TUR) is used in lines of treatment for superficial bladder cancer.

Mild hydrocele is not the indication for surgery of hydrocele.

You are consutling A 1 years old patient with persistent left moderate hydrocele, the best option for treatment is : Keep observe

Doppler ultrasonography is the most common imaging modality for diagnosing testicular torsion

Epididymo-orchitis can be confused with testicular torsion during diagnosis

Tenderness over the testicle is a physical sign that is commonly observed in testicular torsion

Testicular torsion is typically associated with testicular tension

The management, if surgical exploration is performed within six hours of symptom onset, the Reported testicular salvage rates are 90-100%

The management, if symptoms are present for more than 12 hours, the Reported testicular salvage rates are Decrease to 50%

Initial treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia for men who also have erectile dysfunction will most likely include Tadalafil

Being exposed to cold can trigger the onset of complete urinary retention

As men age, the prostate gland blocks the flow of urine

A patient with nocturia, a frequent need to urinate, and difficult urination should be referred to more tests to confirm diagnosis of BPH rather than being treated for UTI

Escherichia coli is the most common type of bacteria that causes UTI

55 Year-old female as the uncomplicated UTI

Flank pain is a clinical feature of pyelonephritis

Proteinuria is a complication of pyelonephritis

Diagnosed with pyelonephritis after patient shows symptoms of fever, flank pain, nausea, vomiting and costovertebral angle tenderness. On examination, the patients show that his heart rate is 94 beats/min, temperature is 38 and his blood pressure 120/80 mmHg. The physician palpation reveals tenderness in the costovertebral angle on the right side.

Pulsatile perirenal hematoma is an absolute indication for operative management in renal failure

Unstable patient with low body temperature and poor coagulation, nephrectomy is required for renal trauma.

Hysterectomy is the common cause of surgical injury in the pelvic region.

Use a CT scan with contrast to differentiate the classification of Kidney trauma

Motor vehicle accidents are the most common cause of blunt renal injury

Transitional cell carcinoma (urothelial carcinoma) is the most common histological type of bladder cancer.

Cigarette smoking is the most common risk factor for bladder cancer.

Hematuria is the most common presenting symptom of bladder cancer.

Cystoscopy with biopsy is the gold standard for bladder cancer diagnosis.

Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) is the primary treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Adenocarcinoma is the most common histological type of prostate cancer.

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is a blood test commonly used as a marker for prostate cancer.

Peripheral zone is the zone of the prostate that is most commonly involved in prostate cancer.

Low testosterone levels is not a risk factor for prostate cancer.

The most common site of metastasis for prostate cancer is Bones

Family history is not a clinical feature of hydrocele.

Primary hydrocele is including of Hydrocele of cord

Secondary hydrocele is including Injury

An imaging study used to evaluate testicular blood is Doppler ultrasound

Traumatic hydrocele is the most likely diagnosis for a 5 years old boy playing football with his sister and now feels painless but his scrotal is swollen

Congenital abnormality is not the differential diagnosis of hydroceles.

The most common type of renal calculus is Calcium oxalate stones

Hyperparathyroidism is most commonly associated with the formation of calcium oxalate renal stones

Acute renal failure is the potential complication of untreated renal calculus

Renal cell carcinoma is suspected in a 45-year-old male who presents with severe left flank pain that radiates to the groin, hematuria, and nausea with a non-contrast CT scan that reveals a 5mm stone in the left renal pelvis.

Struvite Stones is a suspected diagnosis for a 60-year-old woman with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections and presents with fever, chills, and back pain. Her urinalysis shows leukocyte esterase and nitrites. A CT scan shows a large staghorn stone occupying the renal pelvis and multiple calyces.

Uric acid is a suspected diagnosis in a 30-year-old male with no significant medical history presents with sudden-onset, colicky flank pain and increased his intake of purine-rich foods.

Membranous Stricture is location in posterior urethral stricture

Prostatectomy is a correct answer of etiology of iatrogenic in urethral stricture

Injury to the membranous urethra, extending into the proximal bulbous urethra is type III of the classification of urethra stricture

Urethroplasty is the definitive treatment of urethral stricture

Meatal Stricture is a anterior urethral stricture

Severe abdominal pain and signs of peritonitis is a typical clinical feature of an intraperitoneal bladder rupture

Blunt trauma is the most common cause of Bladdertrauma

Gross hematuria is the clinical feature of Bladder injury

Ultrasound is the investigation for Bladder injury.

Cystography is the Gold standard for Diagnosis of bladder trauma

Loss of the affected testis due to necrosis is a potential complication of untreated testicular torsion.

Severe unilateral testicular pain with nausea are common symptoms associated with testicular torsion

Manual detorsion must alleviates symptoms while preparing for surgery

Surgery will prevent future torsion in the contralateral testis

Surgery within six hours maximizes testicular salvage rates.

Immediate surgical exploration should be done if Doppler ultrasonography shows absent blood flow in the testis

Testicular torsion must be ruled out in a 22-year-old male presents to the emergency department with sudden onset of severescrotal pain and swelling. He reports nausea and vomiting, and upon examination, there is tenderness over the right testicle.

Nausea and vomiting suggests a possible strangulated inguinoscrotal hernia

To identify possible infectious agents using urine microscopy, important while evaluating blood flow to the affectedtestis.

Indicates the presence of testicular torsion, indicate that there’s absent blood flow on Doppler ultrasonography

To relieve testicular torsion before surgery with a 17-year-old male presents to the emergency department with severe scrotal pain andnausea.

To maximize testicular salvage rates is crucial for timely surgical intervention

To relieve urinary symptoms is the primary aim of treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

TURP is the primary treatment considered as of 2022 for managing BPH

TURP syndrome is one potential complication of TURP surgery

Calcium stones is the most common type of kidney stones

Spongy urethra is the part of the male urethra which is the longest

Bulbar urethra is the most common site of urethral strictures in males

Retrograde urethrography (RUG) test, is the gold standard for diagnostics

Iatrogenic causes is the most common cause of urethral strictures in developed countries

Meatal stenosis the most common complication of circumcision leading to urethral narrowing

Recurrent strictures within 3 months of the first DVIU is a contraindication to Direct Vision Internal Urethrotomy (DVIU)

The membranous urethra is the most vulnerable to injury in which situation when encountering pelvic fractures

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is present in the majority of the spongy urethra

Bulbourethral artery primarily supplies the bulbar urethra

External trauma is the most common cause of urethral stricture in developing countries

MRI is the imaging modality that is most suitable for assessing post-traumatic pelvic anatomy in urethral stricture patients

Urethral stenosis is the term used for urethral narrowing at the bladder neck due to a lack of spongiosus tissue

Buccal mucosa a which graft material is most commonly used in substitution urethroplasty

Stretching the scar without causing further injury.is the primary objective of urethral dilation in stricture management