Urology: Prostate Cancer and Urinary Conditions

Questions and Answers

What are the first and second most common zones from where prostate cancer arises?

Central then transitional

Peripheral then transitional (correct)

Transitional then central

Central then peripheral

Peripheral then central (correct)

Enuresis nocturnal can have:

Congenital diseases of the excretory system (correct)

Emotional liability (correct)

Normal up to 5-6 years of age (correct)

In neurological diseases (spina bifida etc.) (correct)

Carcinoma of the prostate

Treatment of urinary incontinence includes:

Kegel exercises (correct)

Medications

Surgery

Lifestyle changes

All of the above (correct)

The most important risk factor for prostate cancer is:

Age Signup and view all the answers

The most common type according to the chemical composition of stone is:

Calcium oxalate Signup and view all the answers

TUR syndrome is due to:

Hyponatremia Signup and view all the answers

The normal frequency of urination for an adult in 1 day is:

6-9 Signup and view all the answers

A recurrent urinary tract infection is defined as:

Twice in 6 months or 3 times in 1 year Signup and view all the answers

From which part of the epididymis does the vas deferens begin?

Tail Signup and view all the answers

A potentially malignant cyst graded as Bosniak III grade is:

50% Signup and view all the answers

Define oligozoospermia:

Less than 20 million sperm per ml Signup and view all the answers

What is the last stage in the embryonic development in the urinary system?

Metanephros Signup and view all the answers

What are the penile anomalies?

Hypospadias, epispadias, penile torsion, phimosis, and penile duplication. Signup and view all the answers

What are the risk factors for bladder carcinoma?

Smoking, exposure to chemical carcinogens, chronic irritation, and age. Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of pyelonephritis?

Acute pyelonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, and xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Signup and view all the answers

What might happen next to this boy if he is not treated?

Testicular necrosis and loss of function. Signup and view all the answers

Which cancer has the best prognosis?

Seminoma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the congenital disorders usually doesn't need treatment?

Horseshoe kidney Signup and view all the answers

What are the risk factors for renal cell carcinoma?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are risk factors for cryptorchidism?

Low birth weight Signup and view all the answers

Up to what age is enuresis considered a physiological condition?

5 years Signup and view all the answers

Which embryonic structure is the final stage in the development of the kidney?

Metanephros Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are zones of the prostate?

Peripheral Signup and view all the answers

Which stone has the highest density (most X-ray positive)?

Calcium phosphate Signup and view all the answers

Which medications indirectly form stones?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What are the treatment principles for kidney trauma?

Conservative: bed rest, monitoring, antibiotics. Surgical: evacuation of hematoma, nephrectomy. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following medications to their classifications:

Finasteride = 5-alpha reductase inhibitors Tamsulosin = Selective alpha-blockers Doxazosin = Non-selective alpha-blockers Viagra = 5-PDE inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Prostate Cancer and Urinary Incontinence

Prostate cancer primarily arises from the peripheral zone, followed by the transitional zone.
Urinary incontinence can be treated with Kegel exercises to strengthen pelvic floor muscles.
The most significant risk factor for prostate cancer is age, with genetic predisposition also playing a crucial role.
Most common stone type observed in urolithiasis is calcium oxalate.

Urinary Tract and Kidney Conditions

A recurrent urinary tract infection is defined as occurring twice in 6 months or three times in a year.
TUR syndrome occurs due to hyponatremia.
Normal adult urination frequency is considered to be 6-8 times per day.

Epididymis, Sperm Production, and Embryonic Kidney Development

The vas deferens originates from the tail of the epididymis.
Oligozoospermia is defined as having less than 15 million sperm per milliliter.
The final stage in urinary embryonic development is the metanephros.

Penile Anomalies and Bladder Carcinoma Risk Factors

Common penile anomalies include hypospadias, epispadias, and penile torsion.
Risk factors for bladder carcinoma encompass smoking, chronic irritation, and exposure to carcinogenic chemicals.

Types and Diagnosis of Pyelonephritis

There are two main types of pyelonephritis: acute and chronic.
Clinical presentations for these types vary; acute is typically characterized by fever and flank pain, while chronic may show less intense symptoms but leads to renal damage.

Tumor Markers and Bladder Biopsy Techniques

Common tumor markers include PSA, alpha-fetoprotein, and LDH.
A bladder biopsy is conducted through a cystoscope for direct visualization and sampling.

Stone Formation Inhibitors and Urinary Catheter Use

Inhibitors of stone formation include citrate, magnesium, and pyrophosphate.
Urinary catheters are lubricated to prevent trauma to the urethra and reduce the risk of infection.

Prenatal ultrasound can detect several congenital anomalies, such as renal agenesis and hypospadias.
Obesity and hypertension are associated with increased risks for several cancers, including renal cell carcinoma.

Testicular and Urethral Disorders

Cryptorchidism increases risks for testicular torsion, inguinal hernia, and testicular cancer.
In cases of ureteral injury, diagnosis involves imaging studies following trauma, and treatment can range from conservative management to surgical intervention.

Common Causes of Acute Scrotal Pain

Conditions included in acute scrotum: testicular torsion, acute epididymitis, and Fournier's gangrene.

Hormonal Levels in Klinefelter Syndrome

Klinefelter syndrome presents with elevated LH and FSH levels and decreased testosterone.

Urological Treatment Principles

Treatment principles for kidney trauma include conservative management (monitoring and medications) and surgical intervention for significant injuries.
Erectile dysfunction treatment follows a step-wise approach: starting with 5-PDE inhibitors like Sildenafil.

Risk Factors and Definitions

Non-selective alpha-blockers can cause orthostatic hypotension and include medications like Doxazosin and Terazosin.
Enuresis is considered physiological up until the age of 5 years.

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Description

This quiz covers critical topics in urology, focusing on prostate cancer, urinary incontinence, and related kidney conditions. It addresses risk factors, common treatment methods like Kegel exercises, and definitions of recurrent urinary tract infections. Test your knowledge on these essential subjects in urological health.