Unit 2

Risk factors for prostate cancer include increasing age, genetics, tobacco use, environmental exposures, African American ethnicity, and a diet high in red meat and high fat.

Prostate cancer is diagnosed through a digital rectal exam (DRE) and Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) test, followed by biopsies to confirm the diagnosis across multiple quadrants/prostate lobes.

Symptoms of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) include a decreased urine stream, increased frequency, urgency, nighttime urination, difficulty starting urination, and dribbling.

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a surgical procedure used to treat BPH. An endoscope is inserted into the urethra to remove inner prostate tissue.

Continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) after a TURP helps prevent blood clots and keeps the bladder clear. A 3-way catheter system is used.

Alpha-blockers, like terazosin, are medications used to treat BPH by relaxing smooth muscles in the prostate and bladder.

5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, such as finasteride and dutasteride, reduce prostate size, often used in conjunction with alpha-blockers.

Erectile dysfunction may have psychogenic causes, such as anxiety, stress, or depression, affecting both the frequency of erections and the ability to achieve and maintain an erection.

Permanent cessation of menstruation for 12 consecutive months, due to declining ovarian function.

Changes in mood frequently associated with menopause and linked to sleep disruption from hot flashes.

Sudden sensations of warmth, potentially accompanied by palpitations, due to vasomotor instability.

Thinning and weakening of vaginal tissue accompanied by decreased lubrication, leading to painful intercourse.

Potential health risks associated with menopause, such as osteoporosis.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) may increase risks of certain health problems (breast cancer, heart attack, stroke).

Erectile Dysfunction (ED) can stem from various conditions, including medications like beta-blockers and statins, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.

Sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil are medications used to treat ED.

Estrogen therapy is not recommended for women with a history of breast cancer, coronary heart disease, previous TIA/DVT/PE, unexplained vaginal bleeding, or active liver disease.

This combined therapy is recommended for women with a uterus and ovaries during menopause. It helps manage menopausal symptoms and provides protection against osteoporosis.

For women who have had a hysterectomy (uterus removed), estrogen therapy alone is sufficient to manage menopausal symptoms.

It's crucial to use contraception until a woman has gone 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period.

Oral contraceptives are the preferred contraceptive option during perimenopause because they offer additional benefits.

For women of childbearing age, the optimal time for a self-breast exam is 5-7 days after their menses.

Red flags include lumps, dimpling, peau d'orange (orange peel texture), and nipple discharge.

This is the portion of the breast tissue that extends into the armpit. It's a common location for tumors, so it should be checked thoroughly during self-exams.

BPH symptoms include a weak urine stream, increased frequency and urgency, nocturia (nighttime urination), hesitancy to start urination, dribbling, incomplete bladder emptying, and urinary retention.

Continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) is used after TURP surgery to prevent blood clots and keep the bladder clear. It involves a 3-way catheter system.

Alpha-blockers, like terazosin, relax smooth muscles in the prostate and bladder, easing BPH symptoms.

Finasteride and dutasteride are medications that reduce prostate size, often used in combination with alpha-blockers to treat BPH.

Erectile dysfunction is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse.

Common symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, mood changes, vaginal dryness, increased risk of infections, and sleep problems.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is used to alleviate menopause symptoms and risks, but it can increase the risk of certain health issues.

Erectile Dysfunction (ED) can be caused by medications like beta-blockers and statins, as well as medical conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Medications like sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil are used to treat ED.

Thinning and weakening of vaginal tissue, causing dryness and discomfort, commonly occurs during menopause.

The vaginal pH increases and the vaginal tissue becomes thinner during menopause, increasing the risk of infections.

Estrogen therapy is not recommended for women with a history of breast cancer, coronary heart disease, previous TIA/DVT/PE, unexplained vaginal bleeding, or active liver disease.

For women with a uterus and ovaries going through menopause, estrogen/progesterone therapy is recommended to manage symptoms and protect against osteoporosis.

Women who have had a hysterectomy (uterus removed) can manage menopausal symptoms with estrogen therapy alone.

For women of childbearing age, the best time for a self-breast exam is 5-7 days after the menstrual period.

Worrisome signs include lumps, dimpling, peau d'orange (orange peel texture), and nipple discharge.

The tail of Spence is the part of the breast extending into the armpit, a common site for tumors, so it needs to be checked during self-exams.

The permanent cessation of menstruation due to declining ovarian function, marked by 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period.

Sudden sensations of warmth, often accompanied by palpitations, due to vasomotor instability, a common symptom of menopause.

Thinning and weakening of vaginal tissue, leading to decreased lubrication and potential discomfort during intercourse, associated with menopause.

Menopause increases the risk of vaginal infections due to changes in vaginal pH and tissue atrophy.

A condition characterized by weakened bones and increased fracture risk, a potential complication of menopause.

Treatment used to alleviate menopausal symptoms and reduce osteoporosis risk, but it has potential health risks associated with it.

The inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse.

ED can be caused by medical conditions, medications, or hormonal imbalances.

Oral contraceptives are the preferred contraceptive method during perimenopause. They offer protection against uterine and ovarian cancers, anemia, pregnancy, fibrocystic breast disease symptoms, and help manage perimenopausal symptoms.

The most common symptom of cervical cancer is irregular bleeding, especially in postmenopausal women.