Urology Procedures and Laser Protocols

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of filling the bladder through a Foley catheter during bladder surgery?

To repair a congenital defect

To remove kidney stones

To perform a biopsy

To distend and show contours of the bladder (correct)

Which surgical technique is indicated when a bladder tumor has invaded the muscular wall of the bladder?

Ureterostomy

Transurethral resection

Supra pubic cystostomy

Radical cystectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy (correct)

What is the purpose of creating an ileal conduit after a cystectomy?

To repair urethral damage

To function as an artificial bladder (correct)

To enhance urine absorption

To facilitate kidney transplantation

What is the standard procedure to remove bladder tumors using a resectoscope?

Transurethral resection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions might necessitate an open abdominal approach for bladder surgery?

Bladder tumors Signup and view all the answers

During minimally invasive surgery for stone removal, what tool is used to disrupt the stone?

Lithotripsy probe Signup and view all the answers

What describes the procedure of a ureterostomy?

Creating an opening in the ureter for drainage Signup and view all the answers

What technique is used to perform a self-catheterization in patients with a continent ileostomy?

One-way valve mechanism Signup and view all the answers

Which type of catheters would be commonly used in urological surgeries?

Open-ended catheters Signup and view all the answers

What is a key safety precaution when using lasers in surgery?

Following appropriate laser protocols Signup and view all the answers

Why should irrigation fluids be warmed before use in surgeries?

To reduce the risk of hypothermia Signup and view all the answers

Which irrigation fluid is safe for simple observational cystoscopy?

Normal saline Signup and view all the answers

What should be used during transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)?

Sorbitol or Glycine Signup and view all the answers

What common risk is associated with using sterile water in TURP procedures?

Hemolysis of erythrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cystoscopes during urological procedures?

To conduct simple observational diagnoses Signup and view all the answers

How should irrigation systems be configured to minimize contamination risks?

Employing closed systems Signup and view all the answers

What is ureterectomy primarily performed for?

Removal of the complete ureter Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical procedure involves constructing a connection between two normal ureter segments?

Ureteroureterostomy Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of nephrostomy?

Creation of an opening into the kidney for drainage Signup and view all the answers

In which procedure is a laparoscopic approach used?

Laparoscopic nephrectomy Signup and view all the answers

What is typically removed during a radical nephrectomy?

The entire kidney along with surrounding structures Signup and view all the answers

Why is percutaneous nephrolithotomy performed?

To remove or disintegrate renal stones Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of kidney transplantation?

To restore renal function in end-stage renal disease Signup and view all the answers

What must be verified before performing a nephrectomy on a living kidney donor?

The suitability of the vascular connections Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a resectoscope?

To electrically cut tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the procedure performed during a retrograde pyelogram?

Injection of dye through catheters Signup and view all the answers

In Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP), what type of medium is used with the monopolar cautery?

Non-electrolytic ionic medium Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication to monitor for during prostate surgery using irrigation fluid?

Hypervolemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the 3-way Foley catheter during prostate surgery?

To compress the resected prostatic tissue for hemostasis Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom indicates a complication from irrigation fluid overload?

Severe agitation Signup and view all the answers

What kind of fluid is typically used for irrigation during TUR of bladder tumors?

Sterile water Signup and view all the answers

During which procedure might a cystogram be performed?

After detecting signs of bladder perforation Signup and view all the answers

Why is the left kidney usually removed during a transplant?

The left renal vein is longer than the right renal vein. Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary condition for potential organ donors?

They need to be free from infection and cancer. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using University of Wisconsin solution during a transplant?

To preserve the kidney during transportation. Signup and view all the answers

During a kidney transplant, where are the donor kidney's renal artery and vein connected?

To the recipient’s internal iliac artery and iliac vein. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Hydrocelectomy?

Excision of the tunica vaginalis to remove fluid accumulation. Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical procedure is used to fix an undescended testicle?

Orchidopexy Signup and view all the answers

What kind of surgery involves the bilateral resection of retroperitoneal lymph nodes?

Radical Lymphadenectomy Signup and view all the answers

What implies the term 'Donation after Cardiac Death' (DCD)?

Organ donation occurs after the cessation of cardiac function. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Laser Surgery and Safety Protocols

Utilize Holmium YAG and KTP Green Light lasers with strict adherence to safety precautions and protocols during procedures.

Catheter Use in Surgery

Common catheters include open-ended, whistle tip, cone tip, and olive tip.
Ureter catheters may serve as stents to identify structures during pelvic dissections, preventing accidental cuts.

Operating Room Equipment

Urological tables feature X-ray capability, photographic equipment, and drainage screens for specimen collection.

Irrigation Fluids

Sterile distilled irrigation fluid is used to distend the bladder, enhancing visualization.
Closed irrigation systems are critical to prevent cross-contamination.
Fluids should be warmed to prevent hypothermia during procedures.
Normal saline is safe for cystoscopy, tumor fulguration, and retrograde pyelography.
Sterile water is used when absorption into the bloodstream is unexpected, while iso-osmotic solutions (Sorbitol, Cystosol, Glycine) are recommended for TURP due to potential absorption risks.

Cystoscopes

Cystoscopes enable direct urethral and bladder examination and perform various procedures, such as stone retrieval and tumor fulguration.
Resectoscopes contain electrically powered cutting loops for tissue removal.

Surgical Interventions

Cystoscopy (Flexible/Rigid) is used for urinary tract examination, with the potential for dilation or internal urethrotomy.
Retrograde pyelography employs X-rays and catheterization to visualize urinary tract structures.

Prostate Surgery

TURP treats benign prostatic conditions, focusing only on prostate tissue.
Non-electrolytic ionic media are used, necessitating monitoring for hypothermia.
Signs of irrigation fluid overload include respiratory changes, bradycardia, and abdominal discomfort.

Bladder Surgery Techniques

Bladder surgery approaches include open abdominal and transurethral methods; the choice depends on diagnosis.
Procedures include suprapubic cystostomy, TUR of bladder tumors, and radical cystectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy.

Ureteral Surgery

Indications for ureter surgery include stones, infections, and tumors, to prevent renal obstruction.
Procedures range from lithotripsy and ureterostomy to ureterectomy and ureteroentersotomy.

Kidney Surgery

Nephrostomy and nephrotomy facilitate urinary drainage and access to the kidney.
Pyelolithotomy is performed for stone removal, while percutaneous nephrolithotomy employs scopes and imaging techniques.
Open nephrectomy involves removing the kidney and may include resection of adjacent structures.

Kidney Transplantation

Transplants can involve living or cadaveric donors, with living donor nephrectomy often performed laproscopically.
Donor suitability is assessed based on age, health, and brain death criteria.

Testicular Surgeries

Hydrocelectomy excises fluid accumulation; orchidopexy corrects undescended testicles.
Orchiectomy may be unilateral or bilateral, depending on the medical condition, and can be conducted via various surgical approaches.
Radical lymphadenectomy entails the bilateral resection of retroperitoneal lymph nodes, vital in managing oncological cases.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the essential safety precautions and protocols related to the use of Holmium Yag and KTP Green Light lasers in urological procedures. It covers the application of various ureteral and urethral catheters used in surgeries, including their specific functions and types. Understanding these elements is crucial for ensuring patient safety and effective surgical outcomes.