Urine 4 + Ch. 29 book
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Questions and Answers

True or false: There is no dip strip methods for urine sediment

True

What kind of findings mandate careful evaluation of urine sediment?

  • NSF
  • None - urine sediments are irrelevant
  • Abnormal physical findings (correct)
  • Abnormal chemical findings (correct)

    • True or false: Urine sediments aren’t comparable to the blood smear in a hemogram interpretation

    False

    Which of the following is the reason that abnormal physical and chemical findings mandate a urine sediment evaluation?

    <p>Enhances the dip strip findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    EX: Moderate proteinuria in the absence of significant #’s of RBC’s and WBC’s indicates ____.

    <p>Proteinuria of glomerular origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pyuria mean?

    <p>Presence of pus in the urine, typically from a bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    EX: If you have proteinuria due to pyuria and hematuria, it can indicate an inflammatory response somewhere along the ____.

    <p>Urinary tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T/F: Urine sediment doesn’t have to be interpreted alongside with other clinical data or the physical/chemistry properties of the rune

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it recommended that all personnel be trained to follow a standard sequence of steps to exam sediments

    <p>To minimize variations in sediment examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not true regarding sample collection

    <p>It is ok to leaves samples at room temperature for more than 30 minutes if you can’t test them immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Standard speed for centrifuging samples is a low rate of speed for approx. 5 minutes

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T/F: you can use any type of tube to centrifuge urine; it doesn’t matter

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T/F: samples should centrifuged with a standard volume of sample

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How supernatant do you leave in the conical tube when you decant the supernatant?

    <p>0.3 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not true

    <p>You can only resuspend the sediment by tapping the tube against a table</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It can be difficult to evaluate cellular elements since they can originate from different areas of the urogenital tract

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do RBCs appear in dilute urine?

    <p>Large, swollen, globular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do RBCs appear in concentrated urine?

    Signup and view all the answers

    RBCs will retain their color if they have been in urine for a long period of time

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RBCs are evaluated under high power

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the follow is false about RBC’s general appearance in urine

    <p>Bigger than WBC but also has internal structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    WBC appearance can vary based on the type and influence of SG, pH, toxin producing bacteria

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are true about WBC in urine sediment?

    <p>1 1/2 - 2x bigger than RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the epithelial cell to their origin!

    <p>Renal tubular epithelial cells = Origin: renal tubules. Squamous epithelial cell = Origin: vagina, vulva, prepuce, distal urethra. Transitional epithelial cells = Origin: bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, proximal urethra. Neoplastic cells = Origin: Catheterization more likely to yield these.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epithelial is slightly larger than WBC

    <p>Renal tubular cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epithelial cell may appear as pear, spindle, caudate or polygonal?

    <p>Transitional cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epithelial cell appears as thin, plate-like with distinct or irregular outline and small, dense nucleus

    <p>Squamous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epithelial cell is round and has a large, central, spherical nucleus?

    <p>Renal tubular cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epithelial cell may be single or in sheets?

    <p>Squamous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epithelial cell varies in size depending on the depth of their origin?

    <p>Transitional cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial cell could be transitional cell carcinoma (or other forms)?

    <p>Neoplastic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epithelial cells can be 2-4x larger than a WBC?

    <p>Transitional cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Catheterization is more likely to yield this specific epithelial cell type than cystocentesis:

    <p>Neoplastic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It’s difficult to differentiate hyperplastic vs Neoplastic cells

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is not true about casts?

    <p>It is not normal to see any number of casts in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are true about casts?

    <p>Few (0-1/hpf) hyaline or granular casts may be seen in normal urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cast to it’s possible indication

    <p>Hyaline = Increased numbers indicate mildest form of renal irritation Granular = Large numbers seen with acute nephritis Hyaline = Numbers increase with fever, poor renal perfusion, strenuous exercise, or general anesthesia Granular = Indicates more severe kidney damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cast type with its possible indication

    <p>Epithelial casts = Seen with acute nephritis and other conditions that cause the renal tubular epithelium to degenerate Epithelial casts = Always of this cell type because that is the only cell type present when cast is formed Leukocyte casts = Presence indications inflammation in renal tubules Leukocyte casts = Can be readily identified unless cellular degeneration has occurred; predominantly consists of neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match cast w/ possible indication or trait

    <p>Hyaline casts = Clear colorless, somewhat transparent structures composed of only protein Erythrocyte casts = Indicates renal bleeding (may be strictly hemorrhage from trauma, bleeding disorders, or part of inflammatory lesion) Waxy casts = Colorless, gray, highly refractile, wider with square ends Erythrocyte casts = Deep yellow/orange in color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased numbers of which epithelial cell type suggests cystitis or pyelonephritis

    <p>Transitional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pyuria is the term for excessive leukocytes in the urine

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does pyuria not indicate

    <p>Inflammation of distal/outer urogenital tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epithelial cell type is nor normally found in samples obtained by cystocentesis or catherization

    <p>Renal tubular cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased numbers of these cells may indicate diseases of kidney parenchyma

    <p>Renal tubular cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the filtrate is moving very slowly, the cells will degenerate as the cast continues through the tubules

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the pH of the urine with the diet type

    <p>Herbivores = Alkaline urine Carnivores = Acidic urine Omnivore, eating more plant material = Alkaline urine Omnivore, eating more meat = Acidic urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is not true about fatty casts

    <p>Large numbers in horses indicates renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match word to definition

    <p>Crystalluria = Presence of crystals in urine Uroliths = Crystals/calculi (stones) composed of various minerals in urinary tract Urolithiasis = Presence of uroliths in urine Pollakiuria = Frequent urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The number of crystals will increase if you allow the urine sample to cool

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Types of crystal do not depend of which factor?

    <p>Method of collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crystalluria may/may not be of clinical significance

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crystal formation could never lead to the formation of urinary calculi

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the crystal to it’s characteristics

    <p>Struvite/triple phosphate crystals = Alkaline to slightly acidic urine; coffin lids may assume other shapes Amorphous phosphate = Alkaline; granular precipitate Amorphous urates = Acidic urine; granular Ammonium biurates = (Thorny apple); brown color; long, irregular spicules; common in animals with severe liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match crystal to characteristics

    <p>Calcium oxalate dehydrate = Squares with X; acidic and neutral urine; common in dogs and horses Calcium oxalate monohydrate = Pickett fence/dumbbell shaped; calcium carbonates in horses and rabbits; increase numbers indicate ethylene glycol poisoning Cystine = 6 sided; flat; associated with renal tubular dysfunction or cystine urolithiasis Leucine = Wheel/pincushion shaped; yellow or brown in color; may be seen in animals with liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match crystals

    <p>Tyrosine = Dark; needle-like projections; highly refractile; not common in dogs and cats; animals with liver disease may have this Bilirubin = Normal in acidic canine urine; abnormal finding in other species and may indicate an underlying disease process Sulfonamide = Found in animals treated w/ sulfonamides; round, dark; soluable in alkaline urine; prevent formation by encouraging animal to drink and maintain pH alkaline Crystals assoc. w/ melamine toxicity = Golden-brown round/oval crystals; radial striations; may be present in animals fed diets contaminated with cyanuric acid or melamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the miscellaneous findings to their characteristics. P. 164-165

    <p>Spermatozoa = Found in intact males or recently bred females; large amounts may produce false-positive results for protein Artifacts = Air bubbles, oil droplets, starch granules from surgical gloves, hair, fecal material, plant spores, pollen, cotton fibers, dust, glass particles, parasitic ova from fecal contamination Fat droplets = Seen in some degree in most cats; Lipuria; also seen with obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, and rarely after high fat meal Mucus threads = Often confused with casts; resemble twisted ribbon; large amounts normal present in horses; large amounts in other animals indicate urethral irritation or contamination with genital secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are true about microorganisms in urine

    <p>Yeast, fungi, protozoa and bacteria may be seen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of uroliths are seen mostly in Dalmatians

    <p>Urate uroliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Uroliths of dogs and cats are usually which type of uroliths?

    <p>Struvite uroliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cystine and oxalate uroliths may also be observed in dogs and cats

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

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