Urine Collection Methods and Interfering Factors
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Urine Collection Methods and Interfering Factors

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary method of urine sample collection that minimizes contamination risk?

  • Urethral catheterization
  • Spontaneous voiding using the clean-catch method (correct)
  • Suprapubic needle aspiration
  • Sample collection from a catheter bag

    • Which of the following factors can lead to inaccurate results in a urine analysis?

  • Sample color
  • Sample collection time
  • Sample temperature (correct)
  • Sample container size

    • What is the main advantage of suprapubic needle aspiration for urine collection?

  • It is less painful than other methods.
  • It can be performed without sterile conditions.
  • It avoids contamination from the urethra. (correct)
  • It ensures a larger volume of urine is collected.

    • What is a potential consequence of the presence of glucose in a urine sample?

    <p>Decrease in sample pH due to microbial metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test component indicates the presence of urinary protein?

    <p>Chemical examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when taking urine samples from patients with existing catheters?

    <p>Collecting samples from the catheter bag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances can affect the color or odor of urine?

    <p>Red beets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of false-positive results for specific gravity in urine analysis?

    <p>Use of contrast agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could cause the urine to appear dark yellow?

    <p>Concentrated specimen due to dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with oliguria?

    <p>Acute tubular necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which urine odor is associated with diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>Fruity/sweet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal specific gravity range for urine?

    <p>1015 - 1025</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most likely to result in polyuria?

    <p>Diabetes insipidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What abnormal urine color might indicate the presence of myoglobinuria?

    <p>Pink/Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is associated with causing orange-colored urine?

    <p>Phenothiazines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could indicate a fixed specific gravity of 1010?

    <p>Chronic renal disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What urinary pH level suggests renal dysfunction in the presence of systemic acidemia?

    <p>Greater than 5.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT a cause of acidic urine?

    <p>Proteus UTI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the threshold for proteinuria defined as massive?

    <p>Greater than 1 gm/24 h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a cause of glycosuria with hyperglycemia?

    <p>Renal tubular dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of ketonuria in non-diabetic patients?

    <p>Fasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive nitrite test in urine typically indicate?

    <p>Bacterial presence capable of converting nitrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about bilirubinuria is false?

    <p>It is a common effect of diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a positive leukocyte esterase test in urine?

    <p>Increased white blood cells indicating pyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the presence of 5 or more RBCs per high-powered field?

    <p>Hematuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of urinary cast is typically suggestive of chronic renal disease?

    <p>Granular casts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of urine would you expect to find crystals of uric acid?

    <p>Acidic urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with glomerular hematuria?

    <p>Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A high number of WBCs in urine typically indicates which condition?

    <p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a red cell cast found in urinary analysis?

    <p>Indicates an intrarenal origin of hematuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of condition would crystalline calcium carbonate typically be found in?

    <p>Alkaline urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of finding hyaline casts in a urinalysis?

    <p>Frequently associated with heavy exercise or fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Urine Collection Methods

    • Spontaneous voiding: Most common, minimize contamination with "clean-catch" method.
    • Urethral catheterization: Used when spontaneous voiding is not possible, urine from catheter bag is contaminated.
    • Suprapubic needle aspiration: Best for small children, minimizes contamination risk.

    Interfering Factors in Urine Analysis

    • Light and temperature: Room temperature promotes bacterial growth, leading to inaccurate results.
    • Bacterial growth: Contamination can affect various analysis components.
    • Alkaline pH: May cause false-positive protein results.
    • Glucose: May be metabolized by bacteria, affecting pH.
    • Contrast agents: Can lead to inaccurate specific gravity readings.
    • Exercise: Can alter specific gravity.
    • Foods and drugs: Can impact color, odor, and pH.

    Physical Examination

    • Color: Normal is yellow, variation in color may indicate different conditions.
    • Appearance: Normal is clear or translucent.
    • Volume: Normal is 0.5 to 1.5 cc/kg/hour or 600 to 2,000 mL daily in adults.
    • Oliguria: Low volume < 500 cc/day, can be caused by dehydration, renal disease, or obstruction.
    • Polyuria: High volume > 2,500 - 3,000 cc/day, can be caused by diabetes, diuretics, or renal disease.
    • Odor: Normal is aromatic, variations can indicate various conditions.
    • Specific gravity: Normal is 1015-1025, reflects urine concentration, deviations can indicate kidney function issues.

    Chemical Examination

    • Urine pH: Normal is 4.6-8, reflects kidney's ability to regulate hydrogen ions.
    • Acidic urine: Can occur due to ketosis, acidosis, or UTI.
    • Alkaline urine: Can occur due to alkalosis, UTI, or medication.
    • Proteins: Normal is trace amounts, proteinuria indicates excess protein.
    • Types: Selective (low molecular weight) and nonselective (high molecular weight).
    • Causes: Transient (exercise, stress, fever), postural, tubular (renal damage), glomerular (kidney inflammation).
    • Glucose: Normally not present in urine, glycosuria indicates high blood sugar or renal dysfunction.
    • Ketones: Normal is none, presence indicates diabetes or non-diabetic causes.
    • Bilirubin: Indicates liver disease or biliary obstruction.
    • Urobilinogen: Indicates hemolytic anemia.
    • Bile salts: Indicates bile flow obstruction.
    • Nitrites: Presence suggests bacterial infection.
    • Leukocyte esterase: Indicates WBCs in urine, often associated with UTI.

    Microscopic Examination

    • Normal urine: Contains few epithelial cells, crystals, red blood cells, and white blood cells.
    • Red blood cells (RBCs, Hematuria): Presence of 5 or more per HPF indicates blood in urine, can be renal (kidney) or urologic (urinary tract) in origin.
    • Causes: Glomerular (kidney inflammation), extra-glomerular (upper or lower urinary tract issues).
    • White blood cells (WBCs): Increased counts suggest infection or inflammation.
    • Crystals: Found in acidic or alkaline urine, indicate different conditions.
    • Urinary casts: Cylindrical structures formed in the kidney, indicate kidney disease.
    • Types: Hyaline (common, often normal), Granular (chronic renal disease), Waxy (severe kidney disease).

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    Description

    This quiz covers various urine collection methods, including spontaneous voiding, urethral catheterization, and suprapubic needle aspiration. Additionally, it addresses factors that can interfere with urine analysis, such as light, temperature, and certain foods. Test your understanding of these important concepts in urinalysis.

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