14 Questions
What is the most common cause of kidney stones?
Supersaturation of the urine with precipitation of stone-forming substances
What is the most common type of kidney stone?
Calcium oxalate
What is the consequence of upper motor neuron lesions above the pontine micturition center?
Detrusor hyperreflexia and uninhibited bladder
What can result in progression to chronic kidney disease in untreated obstructive uropathy?
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis and dysregulated apoptosis
What are the most serious complications of urinary tract obstruction?
Hydronephrosis, hydroureter, ureterohydronephrosis, and infection
What causes obstructions of the bladder?
Neurogenic or anatomic alteration of the bladder or both
What is the cause of a neurogenic bladder?
A neural lesion that interrupts innervation of the bladder
What is the result of upper motor neuron lesions between C2 and S1?
Overactive bladder function and detrusor sphincter dyssynergia
What is the result of lower motor neuron lesions below S1?
Detrusor areflexia with underactive, hypotonic, or atonic bladder function
What is OAB syndrome characterized by?
Uncontrollable or premature contraction of the bladder
What are the common anatomic obstructions to urine flow?
Prostatic enlargement, urethral stricture, and pelvic organ prolapse in women
What can result from partial obstruction of the bladder?
Overactive bladder contractions with urgency
What are bladder tumors commonly composed of?
Transitional cells with a papillary appearance
What tends to happen to larger neoplasms of the kidneys over time?
Metastasize to the lung, liver, and bone
Study Notes
Kidney Stones
- The most common cause of kidney stones is dehydration.
- The most common type of kidney stone is calcium oxalate.
Neurological Effects on Micturition
- Upper motor neuron lesions above the pontine micturition center result in urinary retention.
- Upper motor neuron lesions between C2 and S1 result in spastic bladder.
- Lower motor neuron lesions below S1 result in flaccid bladder.
Urinary Tract Obstruction
- Untreated obstructive uropathy can result in progression to chronic kidney disease.
- The most serious complications of urinary tract obstruction include chronic kidney disease, hypertension, and infection.
- Obstructions of the bladder can be caused by prostate enlargement, bladder tumors, urethral strictures, and neurogenic bladder.
Bladder Disorders
- A neurogenic bladder is caused by neurological disorders such as spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease.
- Overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome is characterized by urinary frequency, urgency, and incontinence.
Anatomic Obstructions
- Common anatomic obstructions to urine flow include prostate enlargement, bladder tumors, urethral strictures, and ureteropelvic junction obstruction.
- Partial obstruction of the bladder can result in bladder wall thickening and hypertrophy.
Bladder Tumors
- Bladder tumors are commonly composed of transitional cell carcinoma.
- Larger neoplasms of the kidneys tend to invade nearby tissues and metastasize over time.
Test your knowledge of urinary tract obstruction with this quiz. Explore the causes, complications, and symptoms of obstructions in the urinary tract, including kidney stones, tumors, and prostate gland enlargement.
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