36 Questions
What is the most common location of prostate cancer in the prostate gland?
Peripheral zone
What is the primary purpose of a prostate biopsy?
To provide a histological diagnosis
What is the name of the scale used to grade the differentiation of prostate cancer cells?
Gleason classification
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of prostate cancer?
Pain in the skull
What is the primary function of transrectal ultrasound of the prostate?
To define the size and staging of the tumor
Which of the following is a recent advance in imaging for prostate cancer?
mpMRI
What is the primary function of the prostate gland?
To surround the bladder neck and proximal urethra
What is the age range when prostate diseases become common?
Above 50 years
What is the term used to describe the non-neoplastic enlargement of the prostate?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
What is the histological feature of benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Fibromuscular & glandular hyperplasia
What is the percentage of men who experience symptoms of BPH above 60 years of age?
10%
What is the term used to describe an infection of the prostate, usually caused by bacteria?
Prostatitis
What is the most common cause of bladder hypertrophy in a patient with BPH?
Bladder outflow obstruction
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of lower urinary tract obstruction in prostate cancer?
Hematuria
What is the primary mechanism of action of a-blockers in treating BPH?
Relax the smooth muscle at the bladder neck
Which of the following is a risk factor for prostate cancer?
Hormonal changes, androgens
What is the most common location of adenocarcinoma in prostate cancer?
Peripheral zone, posterior location
What is the primary purpose of transrectal ultrasound in prostate cancer diagnosis?
To measure the size and stage of the tumor
The prostate gland is divided into five zones.
False
Prostate cancer is a common prostate disease that affects men below 50 years of age.
False
Prostatitis is a non-neoplastic enlargement of the prostate.
False
Nodular hyperplasia is a type of prostate cancer.
False
The prostate gland slowly grows with age, but prostate diseases are rare.
False
Fibromuscular and glandular atrophy are characteristic histological features of BPH.
False
Hydronephrosis is a complication of bladder hypertrophy in BPH patients.
False
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men.
False
Prostate artery embolisation is a surgical treatment for BPH.
False
The Gleason classification is used to grade the severity of BPH.
False
Androgens are known to prevent the growth of prostate cancer.
False
Pyelonephritis is a symptom of lower urinary tract obstruction in BPH patients.
False
Prostate cancer mostly arises in the central zone of the prostate.
False
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is used to diagnose metastatic disease in the liver.
False
Gleason classification is used to grade the differentiation of prostate cancer cells from Grade 1-10.
False
Radical prostatectomy is a surgical treatment option for prostate cancer.
True
Orchidectomy is a form of hormone manipulation used to treat prostate cancer.
True
MRI is used to diagnose metastatic disease in the lungs.
False
Study Notes
- Prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-neoplastic enlargement of the prostate, characterized by nodular hyperplasia of the fibromuscular and glandular tissues.
- BPH is a common condition that affects men, causing urinary retention, cystitis, bladder hypertrophy, and hydronephrosis.
- The main symptoms of BPH include hesitancy in initiating micturition, a poor stream, dribbling postmicturition, and frequency and nocturia.
- The cause of BPH is unknown, but it is believed to be related to the levels of male sex hormone (testosterone).
- Digital rectal examination is used to diagnose BPH, which reveals a firm, smooth, and rubbery prostate.
- Treatment options for BPH include medical therapy with alpha-blockers and antiandrogens, and surgical therapy with transurethral resection (TURP).
- Prostate cancer is a common disease that affects elderly men, accounting for 1/4 of all cancers in men.
- The cause of prostate cancer is unknown, but it is linked to androgenic hormones and tumour growth.
- Prostate cancer is characterized by adenocarcinoma in the peripheral zone, with a Gleason classification system used for grading.
- Symptoms of prostate cancer include symptoms of lower urinary tract obstruction, a hard craggy prostate on rectal examination, and metastatic disease in the bone.
- Diagnosis of prostate cancer involves transrectal ultrasound, prostatic biopsy, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing.
- Treatment options for prostate cancer include surgery, hormone manipulation, and radiotherapy.
- Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is used to monitor metastases and treatment response.
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is used to define the size and staging of the tumour, and to assess the risk of spreading.
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a fibromuscular and glandular hyperplasia that occurs in the lateral and median lobes of the prostate.
- Prostate cancer is a disease of elderly men, occurring in 1 in 10 men over 70 years, and is rare in men under 55 years.
- Family history is a strong risk factor for prostate cancer.
- Prostate cancer can be asymptomatic, with some cases only discovered at autopsy.
Test your knowledge of prostate diseases, including Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. Learn about the pathological features and clinical characteristics of these urinary tract disorders.
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