Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the most common location for a urinary tract infection (UTI) to occur?
What is the most common location for a urinary tract infection (UTI) to occur?
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Prostate
- Bladder (correct)
Which of the following best describes a lower urinary tract infection?
Which of the following best describes a lower urinary tract infection?
- Infection in the urethra and ureters
- Infection in the kidneys
- Infection in the bladder and prostate
- Infection in the urethra and bladder (correct)
How can pathogens most commonly enter the urinary tract?
How can pathogens most commonly enter the urinary tract?
- Using contaminated water
- From external skin contact
- Via the urethral opening (correct)
- Through the kidneys
What classification of UTI occurs when the infection reaches the kidneys?
What classification of UTI occurs when the infection reaches the kidneys?
In which scenario can a UTI occur?
In which scenario can a UTI occur?
What is the most common cause of lower urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
What is the most common cause of lower urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
Which group of individuals is at higher risk for bacterial UTIs?
Which group of individuals is at higher risk for bacterial UTIs?
What type of UTI is more likely caused by HSV-2?
What type of UTI is more likely caused by HSV-2?
Which fungal organism is most commonly associated with urinary tract infections?
Which fungal organism is most commonly associated with urinary tract infections?
Which of the following is a risk factor for urinary tract infections?
Which of the following is a risk factor for urinary tract infections?
What is the primary reason for the higher incidence of UTIs in females aged 20-50 compared to males?
What is the primary reason for the higher incidence of UTIs in females aged 20-50 compared to males?
Which factor is most commonly associated with recurring cystitis in males?
Which factor is most commonly associated with recurring cystitis in males?
What symptom is least likely to be associated with cystitis?
What symptom is least likely to be associated with cystitis?
What is a recommended prevention strategy to reduce the risk of UTIs?
What is a recommended prevention strategy to reduce the risk of UTIs?
What is the most common etiology of urethritis in females?
What is the most common etiology of urethritis in females?
Which of the following is a complication that may require a stronger antibiotic course for UTI treatment?
Which of the following is a complication that may require a stronger antibiotic course for UTI treatment?
What characterizes the urinalysis process for diagnosing UTI?
What characterizes the urinalysis process for diagnosing UTI?
Which of the following is a sign that may indicate pyelonephritis rather than cystitis?
Which of the following is a sign that may indicate pyelonephritis rather than cystitis?
What anatomical feature contributes to the higher UTI risk in children?
What anatomical feature contributes to the higher UTI risk in children?
Which condition is a known risk factor for cystitis in women?
Which condition is a known risk factor for cystitis in women?
What is the most common early symptom of bladder cancer?
What is the most common early symptom of bladder cancer?
Which of the following is the single greatest risk factor for bladder cancer?
Which of the following is the single greatest risk factor for bladder cancer?
What age group is most commonly affected by renal cell carcinoma (RCC)?
What age group is most commonly affected by renal cell carcinoma (RCC)?
What diagnostic tool is most commonly used for bladder cancer?
What diagnostic tool is most commonly used for bladder cancer?
Which form of cancer is the most common type affecting the renal pelvis and ureters?
Which form of cancer is the most common type affecting the renal pelvis and ureters?
What is the primary concern when diagnosing renal cell carcinoma?
What is the primary concern when diagnosing renal cell carcinoma?
What typical symptom might indicate the presence of urethral cancer?
What typical symptom might indicate the presence of urethral cancer?
What is the prognosis for superficial tumors in bladder cancer over a 5-year period?
What is the prognosis for superficial tumors in bladder cancer over a 5-year period?
What type of surgery might be necessary for deeper tumors in bladder cancer?
What type of surgery might be necessary for deeper tumors in bladder cancer?
What is a potential consequence of metastatic bladder cancer?
What is a potential consequence of metastatic bladder cancer?
What symptom indicates possible polycythemia in renal cell carcinoma patients?
What symptom indicates possible polycythemia in renal cell carcinoma patients?
What is a primary method of diagnosis for malignancies of the renal pelvis and ureters?
What is a primary method of diagnosis for malignancies of the renal pelvis and ureters?
What treatment is typically required for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma?
What treatment is typically required for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma?
What is the most common composition of kidney stones?
What is the most common composition of kidney stones?
Which factor is NOT associated with the formation of kidney stones?
Which factor is NOT associated with the formation of kidney stones?
What is a primary symptom that may indicate kidney stones?
What is a primary symptom that may indicate kidney stones?
Which dietary change is recommended for preventing calcium oxalate stones?
Which dietary change is recommended for preventing calcium oxalate stones?
Which type of glomerulonephritis is primarily associated with streptococcal infection?
Which type of glomerulonephritis is primarily associated with streptococcal infection?
Which of the following is a characteristic of nephrotic syndrome?
Which of the following is a characteristic of nephrotic syndrome?
What is an important diagnostic test for glomerulonephritis?
What is an important diagnostic test for glomerulonephritis?
What symptom is often associated with chronic glomerulonephritis?
What symptom is often associated with chronic glomerulonephritis?
What is a potential complication of untreated rapid progression of nephritic syndrome?
What is a potential complication of untreated rapid progression of nephritic syndrome?
What is a characteristic symptom of polycystic kidney disease?
What is a characteristic symptom of polycystic kidney disease?
Which management strategy is NOT effective for acute glomerulonephritis?
Which management strategy is NOT effective for acute glomerulonephritis?
What is the primary treatment goal for chronic kidney disease?
What is the primary treatment goal for chronic kidney disease?
What is one contraindication for massage in kidney conditions?
What is one contraindication for massage in kidney conditions?
In nephritic syndrome, which finding is typically seen in urinalysis?
In nephritic syndrome, which finding is typically seen in urinalysis?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of pyelonephritis?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of pyelonephritis?
Which symptom is most likely to be present in an elderly patient with pyelonephritis?
Which symptom is most likely to be present in an elderly patient with pyelonephritis?
Which of the following diagnostic methods is NOT used to diagnose pyelonephritis?
Which of the following diagnostic methods is NOT used to diagnose pyelonephritis?
What is the recommended initial treatment for outpatient pyelonephritis?
What is the recommended initial treatment for outpatient pyelonephritis?
What is the term used to describe the accumulation of pus within the kidney?
What is the term used to describe the accumulation of pus within the kidney?
What is a contraindication for massage therapy in a patient with pyelonephritis?
What is a contraindication for massage therapy in a patient with pyelonephritis?
Which of the following factors is NOT a risk factor for developing renal calculi?
Which of the following factors is NOT a risk factor for developing renal calculi?
What is the approximate annual prevalence of renal calculi in the population?
What is the approximate annual prevalence of renal calculi in the population?
Which of the following is NOT a common component of kidney stones?
Which of the following is NOT a common component of kidney stones?
Why are men more likely to develop kidney stones than women?
Why are men more likely to develop kidney stones than women?
Besides Escherichia coli, which of these can cause urinary tract infections?
Besides Escherichia coli, which of these can cause urinary tract infections?
Which fungal organism is a common agent when immunocompromised individuals develop UTIs?
Which fungal organism is a common agent when immunocompromised individuals develop UTIs?
Which of the following routes can lead to a urinary tract infection, according to the provided text?
Which of the following routes can lead to a urinary tract infection, according to the provided text?
Which of these is a risk factor mentioned in the context for developing a UTI?
Which of these is a risk factor mentioned in the context for developing a UTI?
Which of the following best describes how pathogens can spread to the kidneys?
Which of the following best describes how pathogens can spread to the kidneys?
Which of the following best describes the pain associated with pyelonephritis?
Which of the following best describes the pain associated with pyelonephritis?
A patient presents with a suspected kidney infection. Which symptom is most specific to differentiate it from a lower urinary tract infection?
A patient presents with a suspected kidney infection. Which symptom is most specific to differentiate it from a lower urinary tract infection?
In the context of pyelonephritis, what does 'ascending' in 'ascending bacterial UTI' refer to?
In the context of pyelonephritis, what does 'ascending' in 'ascending bacterial UTI' refer to?
Which imaging technique is LEAST likely to be used as an initial diagnostic step for pyelonephritis, due to factors like radiation exposure?
Which imaging technique is LEAST likely to be used as an initial diagnostic step for pyelonephritis, due to factors like radiation exposure?
Which of the following is a common cause of urinary tract blockage that can lead to pyelonephritis?
Which of the following is a common cause of urinary tract blockage that can lead to pyelonephritis?
Besides ascending bacterial infections, what other factor can predispose individuals to pyelonephritis?
Besides ascending bacterial infections, what other factor can predispose individuals to pyelonephritis?
A patient's urinalysis shows signs of infection. Which additional testing is most relevant in suspecting pyelonephritis over a simple UTI?
A patient's urinalysis shows signs of infection. Which additional testing is most relevant in suspecting pyelonephritis over a simple UTI?
Which of the following best describes the mechanism through which Escherichia coli commonly causes pyelonephritis?
Which of the following best describes the mechanism through which Escherichia coli commonly causes pyelonephritis?
How does instrumentation of the urinary tract contribute to pyelonephritis?
How does instrumentation of the urinary tract contribute to pyelonephritis?
What is a typical manifestation of pyelonephritis that can be differentiated from a simple urinary tract infection?
What is a typical manifestation of pyelonephritis that can be differentiated from a simple urinary tract infection?
Which of the following is a common mechanism for ascending urinary tract infections?
Which of the following is a common mechanism for ascending urinary tract infections?
What factor contributes to the increased susceptibility of UTIs in women aged 20 to 50?
What factor contributes to the increased susceptibility of UTIs in women aged 20 to 50?
In males, what is the most common site for infection to initially develop that leads to recurring cystitis?
In males, what is the most common site for infection to initially develop that leads to recurring cystitis?
A patient presents with urinary urgency, frequency, and painful urination, but no fever. Based on this, the patient is most likely experiencing what?
A patient presents with urinary urgency, frequency, and painful urination, but no fever. Based on this, the patient is most likely experiencing what?
A urinalysis for a suspected UTI shows two positive findings. Which of the following pairs of results indicates infection?
A urinalysis for a suspected UTI shows two positive findings. Which of the following pairs of results indicates infection?
Which of following best describes the initial approach to treating a suspected UTI using antibiotics?
Which of following best describes the initial approach to treating a suspected UTI using antibiotics?
Post-coital voiding, a preventative measure against UTIs, is effective because it flushes which of the following from the urethra?
Post-coital voiding, a preventative measure against UTIs, is effective because it flushes which of the following from the urethra?
What is the most common cause of urethritis in females?
What is the most common cause of urethritis in females?
A patient with a complicated UTI is more likely to require a longer course of antibiotics. Which of the following would be considered a complicating factor?
A patient with a complicated UTI is more likely to require a longer course of antibiotics. Which of the following would be considered a complicating factor?
Which condition makes it more likely for a child to experience backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureter?
Which condition makes it more likely for a child to experience backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureter?
Which of the following findings is more indicative of pyelonephritis rather than cystitis?
Which of the following findings is more indicative of pyelonephritis rather than cystitis?
Which group is most likely to experience a more similar risk of UTIs compared between men and women?
Which group is most likely to experience a more similar risk of UTIs compared between men and women?
Which of the following is most likely to cause urge incontinence, often seen in the elderly, related to cystitis?
Which of the following is most likely to cause urge incontinence, often seen in the elderly, related to cystitis?
How does pregnancy contribute to risk of cystitis?
How does pregnancy contribute to risk of cystitis?
Why might some women experience recurring episodes of cystitis?
Why might some women experience recurring episodes of cystitis?
What is the primary difference between urethritis and non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men?
What is the primary difference between urethritis and non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men?
A patient presents with urinary symptoms including frequency, painful urination and urgency. Which of the following, if present, would be most indicative of urethritis rather than cystitis?
A patient presents with urinary symptoms including frequency, painful urination and urgency. Which of the following, if present, would be most indicative of urethritis rather than cystitis?
What is a potential long-term complication of inadequately treated urethritis?
What is a potential long-term complication of inadequately treated urethritis?
A patient is suspected of having bladder cancer. If there are symptoms also present which are associated with cystitis, what step should the physician take?
A patient is suspected of having bladder cancer. If there are symptoms also present which are associated with cystitis, what step should the physician take?
Which of the following is a key diagnostic finding that differentiates bladder cancer from cystitis?
Which of the following is a key diagnostic finding that differentiates bladder cancer from cystitis?
A patient with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) exhibits fatigue, pruritis, and visual disturbances. Which of the following paraneoplastic effects is most likely responsible for these symptoms?
A patient with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) exhibits fatigue, pruritis, and visual disturbances. Which of the following paraneoplastic effects is most likely responsible for these symptoms?
What is the significance of identifying transitional cell carcinoma in the renal pelvis or ureters?
What is the significance of identifying transitional cell carcinoma in the renal pelvis or ureters?
A patient is diagnosed with urethral cancer. Which finding among the following would most likely be observed during a physical examination?
A patient is diagnosed with urethral cancer. Which finding among the following would most likely be observed during a physical examination?
How does the prognosis differ for bladder cancer based on tumour depth?
How does the prognosis differ for bladder cancer based on tumour depth?
A patient has renal cell carcinoma (RCC) contained within the kidney, but also evidence of a tumour in the renal vein. Which of the following best describes its staging and 5-year survival?
A patient has renal cell carcinoma (RCC) contained within the kidney, but also evidence of a tumour in the renal vein. Which of the following best describes its staging and 5-year survival?
A patient has a tumour in the renal pelvis and ureter which is planned for surgical resection. What additional procedure is usually also performed?
A patient has a tumour in the renal pelvis and ureter which is planned for surgical resection. What additional procedure is usually also performed?
A patient with urethral cancer reports having recurrent, interrupted urinary flow that he describes as 'stop and go'. What is the likely cause of this symptom?
A patient with urethral cancer reports having recurrent, interrupted urinary flow that he describes as 'stop and go'. What is the likely cause of this symptom?
Why is urinalysis generally not useful for diagnosing urethritis?
Why is urinalysis generally not useful for diagnosing urethritis?
What is a key difference in massage considerations for a client with urethritis compared to one with bladder/renal cancer?
What is a key difference in massage considerations for a client with urethritis compared to one with bladder/renal cancer?
What is the most significant preventative measure to avoid the formation of a urethral stricture?
What is the most significant preventative measure to avoid the formation of a urethral stricture?
A patient presents with a sudden onset of fever, flank pain, and painful, enlarged kidneys. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely?
A patient presents with a sudden onset of fever, flank pain, and painful, enlarged kidneys. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely?
A urinalysis for a suspected kidney infection is performed. Which of the following findings would be MOST indicative of pyelonephritis?
A urinalysis for a suspected kidney infection is performed. Which of the following findings would be MOST indicative of pyelonephritis?
A patient is diagnosed with chronic pyelonephritis. Which of the following symptom presentations is MOST likely?
A patient is diagnosed with chronic pyelonephritis. Which of the following symptom presentations is MOST likely?
A patient reports severe, intermittent flank pain radiating to the groin, along with hematuria. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely?
A patient reports severe, intermittent flank pain radiating to the groin, along with hematuria. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely?
An individual is diagnosed with a kidney stone primarily composed of calcium oxalate. Which dietary modification would be MOST beneficial?
An individual is diagnosed with a kidney stone primarily composed of calcium oxalate. Which dietary modification would be MOST beneficial?
A patient presents with edema, massive proteinuria, and hypoalbuminemia. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely?
A patient presents with edema, massive proteinuria, and hypoalbuminemia. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely?
A child shows signs of recent strep throat and is now experiencing hematuria and edema. Which condition is high on the differential list?
A child shows signs of recent strep throat and is now experiencing hematuria and edema. Which condition is high on the differential list?
A patient with glomerulonephritis is experiencing decreased urine output and an increase in nitrogenous waste products in the blood. Which syndrome best describes these signs and symptoms?
A patient with glomerulonephritis is experiencing decreased urine output and an increase in nitrogenous waste products in the blood. Which syndrome best describes these signs and symptoms?
Which treatment approach would be MOST important for a patient with rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis?
Which treatment approach would be MOST important for a patient with rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis?
A patient with polycystic kidney disease is MOST likely to exhibit which finding?
A patient with polycystic kidney disease is MOST likely to exhibit which finding?
What is a shared contraindication for massage for patients with acute pyelonephritis, renal calculi, and acute glomerulonephritis?
What is a shared contraindication for massage for patients with acute pyelonephritis, renal calculi, and acute glomerulonephritis?
A patient is diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis that requires hospitalization. Which of the following findings would MOST likely necessitate the move from outpatient oral antibiotics to hospitalization with IV antibiotics?
A patient is diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis that requires hospitalization. Which of the following findings would MOST likely necessitate the move from outpatient oral antibiotics to hospitalization with IV antibiotics?
Which of the following is specifically associated with nephritic syndrome, as opposed to nephrotic syndrome?
Which of the following is specifically associated with nephritic syndrome, as opposed to nephrotic syndrome?
Which of the following dietary changes would best help prevent the formation of uric acid kidney stones?
Which of the following dietary changes would best help prevent the formation of uric acid kidney stones?
A patient with chronic glomerulonephritis has developed hypertension, mild edema, and visual disturbances. Which of the following is MOST likely the underlying mechanism contributing to these symptoms?
A patient with chronic glomerulonephritis has developed hypertension, mild edema, and visual disturbances. Which of the following is MOST likely the underlying mechanism contributing to these symptoms?
Flashcards
Pyelonephritis
Pyelonephritis
A kidney infection, mostly caused by bacteria ascending from the urinary tract.
Ascending Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Ascending Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
The most common cause of pyelonephritis, often due to E. coli bacteria.
Urinary Tract Blockage
Urinary Tract Blockage
A blockage in the urinary tract, potentially leading to pyelonephritis.
Pyelonephritis Symptoms
Pyelonephritis Symptoms
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Costovertebral Tenderness
Costovertebral Tenderness
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Polyuria
Polyuria
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Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones)
Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones)
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Epidemiology of Renal Calculi
Epidemiology of Renal Calculi
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Composition of Kidney Stones
Composition of Kidney Stones
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Massage and Pyelonephritis
Massage and Pyelonephritis
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Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
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Cystitis
Cystitis
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Urethritis
Urethritis
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Classifying UTIs
Classifying UTIs
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Ascending Infection
Ascending Infection
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What is the most common cause of UTIs?
What is the most common cause of UTIs?
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What is HSV-2?
What is HSV-2?
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What is a yeast infection?
What is a yeast infection?
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How can kidney stones lead to UTIs?
How can kidney stones lead to UTIs?
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What are UTI risk factors?
What are UTI risk factors?
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UTI Cause in Women
UTI Cause in Women
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Cystitis in Males
Cystitis in Males
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Recurring Cystitis in Males
Recurring Cystitis in Males
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Recurrent Cystitis in Women
Recurrent Cystitis in Women
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UTI Treatment
UTI Treatment
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UTI Prevalence
UTI Prevalence
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UTI Symptoms
UTI Symptoms
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What are kidney stones?
What are kidney stones?
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How can kidney stones be prevented?
How can kidney stones be prevented?
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When do kidney stones cause symptoms?
When do kidney stones cause symptoms?
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How are kidney stones diagnosed?
How are kidney stones diagnosed?
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How are kidney stones treated?
How are kidney stones treated?
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What is glomerulonephritis?
What is glomerulonephritis?
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How does glomerulonephritis present?
How does glomerulonephritis present?
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What causes acute glomerulonephritis?
What causes acute glomerulonephritis?
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What is chronic glomerulonephritis?
What is chronic glomerulonephritis?
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What is polycystic kidney disease?
What is polycystic kidney disease?
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Bladder Cancer
Bladder Cancer
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Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
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What are the symptoms of dominant PKD?
What are the symptoms of dominant PKD?
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Smoking
Smoking
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What are the symptoms of recessive PKD?
What are the symptoms of recessive PKD?
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When is massage contraindicated for kidney disorders?
When is massage contraindicated for kidney disorders?
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Painless Hematuria
Painless Hematuria
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When is massage safe for chronic glomerulonephritis?
When is massage safe for chronic glomerulonephritis?
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Cystoscopy
Cystoscopy
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Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)
Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)
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When is massage contraindicated for polycystic kidney disease?
When is massage contraindicated for polycystic kidney disease?
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Hematuria
Hematuria
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Polycythemia
Polycythemia
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Transitional Cell Carcinoma (Renal Pelvis & Ureters)
Transitional Cell Carcinoma (Renal Pelvis & Ureters)
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Hematuria
Hematuria
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Ureteroscope
Ureteroscope
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Urethral Cancer
Urethral Cancer
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Hematuria
Hematuria
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Cystoscopy
Cystoscopy
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Transurethral Resection (TURBT)
Transurethral Resection (TURBT)
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Ascending UTI
Ascending UTI
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E. coli
E. coli
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HSV-2 UTI
HSV-2 UTI
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Yeast infection
Yeast infection
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Parasitic UTI
Parasitic UTI
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Prostatitis
Prostatitis
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UTI Risk Factors
UTI Risk Factors
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UTI Diagnosis
UTI Diagnosis
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UTI Prevention
UTI Prevention
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Recurring Cystitis in Men
Recurring Cystitis in Men
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Urethritis Causes
Urethritis Causes
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Urethritis Cause in Women
Urethritis Cause in Women
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Urethritis Symptoms
Urethritis Symptoms
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Urethritis Diagnosis
Urethritis Diagnosis
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Urethritis Treatment
Urethritis Treatment
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What is Non-gonococcal Urethritis (NGU)?
What is Non-gonococcal Urethritis (NGU)?
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What are the common symptoms of urethritis?
What are the common symptoms of urethritis?
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What is urethral stricture?
What is urethral stricture?
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What is bladder cancer?
What is bladder cancer?
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What is the biggest risk factor for bladder cancer?
What is the biggest risk factor for bladder cancer?
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What is the most common symptom of bladder cancer?
What is the most common symptom of bladder cancer?
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What is cystoscopy?
What is cystoscopy?
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What is renal cell carcinoma (RCC)?
What is renal cell carcinoma (RCC)?
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What is the most common symptom of RCC?
What is the most common symptom of RCC?
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What is polycythemia?
What is polycythemia?
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What are malignancies of the renal pelvis and ureters?
What are malignancies of the renal pelvis and ureters?
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What is urethral cancer?
What is urethral cancer?
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What's the most common sign of urethral cancer?
What's the most common sign of urethral cancer?
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What tool helps diagnose urethral cancer?
What tool helps diagnose urethral cancer?
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What is transurethral resection (TURBT)?
What is transurethral resection (TURBT)?
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Study Notes
Urinary System Notes
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Kidney Infections: Ascending bacterial infections, often E. coli in women, can cause painful, enlarged kidneys and symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI). Prompt treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics is needed. Massage treatment may be postponed until infection is resolved. Symptoms include fever, flank or mid-low back pain, nausea/vomiting, urgency, frequency, and possible ureter spasm causing renal colic. Diagnosis involves urinalysis, blood tests, and imaging (MRI, CT, Ultrasound). Complications include pus accumulation, pyonephrosis, sepsis, and kidney failure.
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Kidney Stones: Increasing fluid intake may aid stone passage. Alpha-adrenergic blockers (Tamsulosin) can be used, alongside analgesics. Stones may pass without intervention. Stones are typically composed of calcium oxalate (80%), uric acid, struvite, or cystine. Formation may be prevented with dietary changes, particularly for diets high in protein, vitamin C, and calcium. Genetics, hyperparathyroidism, and gout can be factors. Symptoms include hematuria, frequency, urgency, dysuria, and urinary retention, along with nausea, vomiting, sweating, chills, fever, and lower abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves urinalysis and imaging (US, CT). Treatment includes increasing fluids for smaller stones, alpha-adrenergic blockers, analgesics, and potentially shockwave lithotripsy or endoscopic techniques for larger stones. Prevention involves increased fluid intake, and possible dietary adjustments based on stone composition (calcium, uric acid, oxalate).
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Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the glomerulus can result from past strep infections, hypersensitivity reactions (type II), bacterial infections, hypertension, or lupus. Symptoms include edema, visual disturbances, seizures, and hypertension. It's often associated with proteinuria and hematuria. Prolonged infection and/or hereditary factors can contribute. Acute and chronic forms exist, with acute typically presenting with nephritic syndrome. Chronic more commonly causes nephrotic syndrome.
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Nephrotic Syndrome: Characterized by insidious onset, normal blood pressure, proteinuria, and hypoalbuminemia. Features include hyperlipidemia and edema. It can result from scarring of the glomerulus.
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Acute Glomerulonephritis: Abrupt onset, increased blood pressure, significant proteinuria, and hematuria (including RBC casts). Serum albumin levels are low.
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Chronic Kidney Disease: Progressive damage can lead to kidney failure and/or dialysis. Conditions like polycystic kidney disease can cause fluid-filled cysts. Symptoms in polycystic kidney disease can range from no symptoms to flank pain, frequent infections, and kidney stones. Diagnosis involves blood work (BUN, Creatinine, GFR), and imaging (US, CT). Treatment involves treating sequelae, such as UTIs, hypertension, and kidney stones. Dialysis or transplantation may be necessary for kidney failure. Systemic circulatory massage is inappropriate for edema-related kidney conditions. Minimal abdominal and CVA pressure may be used, while avoidance of low back massage is advised. Lymphatic drainage has limited evidence for benefit.
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Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Infections spread along the urinary tract by bacteria, viruses (like HSV-2), fungi (like Candida albicans), or parasites. Symptoms include frequent, painful urination with urgency, painful ejaculation, and discharge. Risk factors include diabetes, immunocompromised states, obstruction, abnormal bladder function, neurologic diseases, and prostate enlargement. Treatment includes antibiotics. Tight, non-breathable underwear should be avoided. Ascending infection is the most common route. Increased fluid intake helps to flush out bacteria, and hygiene practices like wiping front-to-back can reduce the risk of acquiring infections.
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Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra, often caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like chlamydia or gonorrhea. Symptoms include pain during urination, discharge, and difficulty emptying the bladder.
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Cystitis: Inflammation in the bladder, often accompanied by LUTS.
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Urinary System Cancers: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of malignancy affecting the renal pelvis and ureters. Symptoms include abdominal pain, blood in the urine (microscopic or visible), and flank pain. Staging and treatment (surgery, radiation, chemotherapy) depend on the extent of the cancer. Recurrence is possible. Transitional cell carcinoma is a second, less common type.
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Diagnosis and Treatment: Diagnosis relies primarily on urine samples for UTIs, and urinalysis for other problems, with possible imaging (US, CT) for stones. Medication, surgery, and other treatments are dependent on the particular issue.
Note on Terminology and Conditions
- LUTS (Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms): Various symptoms associated with bladder/urethra issues. Includes frequent, painful urination, urgency, and incomplete emptying sensations.
- RBC casts: Red blood cell casts in the urine potentially indicative of kidney inflammation.
- Proteinuria: Presence of protein in urine, often indicative of kidney damage.
- Hematuria: Blood in the urine, another potential indicator of kidney problems or other issues.
- Hypoalbuminemia: Low levels of albumin in blood.
- Hyperlipidemia: Elevated blood fat (lipid) levels.
- Polyuria: Excessive urination.
- Renal Colic: Severe pain associated with kidney stones.
- STI: Sexually transmitted infection.
- NGU: Non-gonococcal urethritis.
- HSV-2: Herpes simplex virus type 2.
- CVA: Costovertebral angle (area where kidneys are located).
- BUN: Blood Urea Nitrogen
- Creatinine: Blood creatinine
- GFR: Glomerular Filtration Rate
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