Urinary System and Kidney Health

<p>By expanding and sending signals to the brain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aim for a total intake of about 1 gallon, including food and drink. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To mature B cells and produce all blood cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thymus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distinguishing self from non-self (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can cause autoimmune disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as a diuretic, increasing urine production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases ADH release, resulting in more urine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help differentiate between healthy cells and invasive microbes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All cancerous cells divide slowly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect against large parasites and invasive microbes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased urine production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It distinguishes them from healthy cells and attacks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADH increases the number of aquaporins in the collecting duct, enhancing water reabsorption. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts quickly as the first line of defense. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can remember previous encounters with pathogens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial cell wall components. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contain granules filled with poisons and messaging substances. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It lacks specificity towards different pathogens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filters blood to remove debris (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collection points of immune cells connected by blood vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Check food for pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitoring intestinal bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acquired immunity develops over time, while innate is present from birth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molecules recognized by immune cells as signals of infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenoids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tonsils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To engulf and destroy pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basophil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It induces vasodilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insufficient blood pressure due to extreme vasodilation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To secrete enzymes that target large parasites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By wrapping around and ingesting them (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased migration of immune cells to the site (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypotension due to vasodilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Toll-like receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It does not provide memory for future infections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It responds after a delay during the first encounter. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Granulocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It improves with each subsequent encounter with the same pathogen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collection points for immune cells connected by lymph vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pathogen evaluation in the gut (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ability to react quickly to recognized patterns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Method of pathogen recognition and response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Checking air for pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pathogen-associated molecular patterns recognized by the immune system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through phagocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eosinophil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypotension or low blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To present antigens to T cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They undergo vasodilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release histamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce allergic reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bladder temporarily stores urine before release.

Stretching of the bladder triggers the urge to urinate.

Bacteria can enter the bladder from holding urine too long.

Too much liquid intake; better than underhydration.

Concentrated urine causes dissolved toxins to crystallize in the kidneys.

A diuretic increases urine production, causing more frequent urination.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys, decreasing urine volume when released.

Alcohol inhibits ADH release, leading to increased urine production and potential dehydration, contributing to hangovers.

Our body's defense against foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, parasites, and even mutated cells.

Cancer cells are mutated cells that grow uncontrollably. The immune system can identify and sometimes attack these cells.

Immune cells travel throughout the body via the circulatory system to reach specific locations and fight infections.

The immune system distinguishes between 'self' (healthy cells) and 'non-self' (invaders) to target only harmful threats.

Different types of immune cells have specialized locations for development and protection, providing targeted defense.

The soft, spongy tissue inside bones that produces all blood cells, including white blood cells (WBCs) of the immune system.

B cells, a type of WBC, mature and become fully functional in the bone marrow. This is where they learn to recognize and target specific pathogens.

A small gland located in the chest that is responsible for the maturation of T cells, another type of WBC, into functional immune cells.

T cells mature in the thymus and undergo a critical process called 'self-tolerance'. This ensures they can recognize and destroy foreign invaders while not attacking the body's own cells.

A condition where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells and tissues, resulting in damage and inflammation.

The body's first line of defense against pathogens. It's a fast-acting, non-specific system that provides immediate protection.

Specialized receptors on innate immune cells that recognize common patterns found on pathogens, triggering an immune response.

A slower but highly specific immune system that remembers past infections and mounts targeted attacks against specific pathogens.

A small piece of a pathogen, such as a protein, that the adaptive immune system recognizes and mounts an immune response against.

A type of white blood cell (WBC) found in the innate immune system. They contain granules filled with toxic substances and signaling molecules to fight infections.

Organs where immune cells are born and mature, like the bone marrow and thymus.

Areas where immune cells encounter and respond to pathogens, like the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, and Peyer's patches.

The spleen filters blood, removing debris, dead cells, and old red blood cells.

Lymph nodes collect immune cells and are connected by lymph vessels, forming a network for immune cell transport.

The tonsils in the mouth and adenoids in the nose check food and air for pathogens.

Clusters of immune cells in the gut that monitor food for pathogens.

The body's natural, non-specific defense system against pathogens, present from birth.

Specific defense system that develops after exposure to pathogens, involving memory cells.

The most common type of white blood cell (WBC) in the blood. They are granulocytes, meaning they contain granules in their cytoplasm. Their primary function is phagocytosis, engulfing and destroying bacteria and other harmful microbes.

A process where a cell, like a neutrophil, engulfs and destroys foreign particles, such as bacteria, viruses, and cellular debris. This is a crucial mechanism of the immune system for fighting off infections.

A type of white blood cell (WBC) with granules that release chemicals to kill large parasites, which are too big for phagocytosis. They also play a role in allergic reactions.

A type of white blood cell (WBC) that releases histamine, a chemical that causes vasodilation (widening of blood vessels). This helps bring more immune cells to the infection site.

A chemical released by basophils that causes vasodilation (widening of blood vessels). This helps bring more immune cells to the site of infection or injury.

A severe allergic reaction triggered by a sudden release of histamine. It can cause widespread vasodilation, leading to a dangerous drop in blood pressure and difficulty breathing.

A hormone (also known as adrenaline) used to treat anaphylactic shock. It constricts blood vessels, raising blood pressure and improving breathing.

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPS) are unique molecules found on the surface of pathogens that are recognized by the innate immune system. They act like flags that signal the presence of an invading pathogen.

The adaptive immune system is a specific and slower-acting defense system that develops after exposure to pathogens. It remembers past infections and mounts targeted attacks against specific pathogens.