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Questions and Answers
What percentage of nephrons in the human kidney are classified as cortical nephrons?
What percentage of nephrons in the human kidney are classified as cortical nephrons?
- 35%
- 55%
- 15%
- 85% (correct)
Which characteristic primarily distinguishes juxtamedullary nephrons from cortical nephrons?
Which characteristic primarily distinguishes juxtamedullary nephrons from cortical nephrons?
- Their exclusive presence in the renal cortex.
- Their nephron loops extend deep into the medulla. (correct)
- Their shorter nephron loops.
- Their limited role in urine concentration.
What is the primary function of the vasa recta in the juxtamedullary nephrons?
What is the primary function of the vasa recta in the juxtamedullary nephrons?
- To facilitate water reabsorption and maintain the medullary gradient. (correct)
- To secrete hormones that regulate blood pressure.
- To supply nutrients to the renal cortex.
- To directly filter blood entering the nephron.
After blood passes through the glomerulus, which vessel does it enter next in cortical nephron circulation?
After blood passes through the glomerulus, which vessel does it enter next in cortical nephron circulation?
What is the functional significance of the peritubular capillaries surrounding the proximal and distal convoluted tubules?
What is the functional significance of the peritubular capillaries surrounding the proximal and distal convoluted tubules?
If a patient's renal artery is severely constricted, which of the following direct effects would be most likely?
If a patient's renal artery is severely constricted, which of the following direct effects would be most likely?
In what order does blood flow through the following vessels in the kidney? (1) Afferent arteriole (2) Cortical radiate artery (3) Glomerulus (4) Efferent arteriole
In what order does blood flow through the following vessels in the kidney? (1) Afferent arteriole (2) Cortical radiate artery (3) Glomerulus (4) Efferent arteriole
Which kidney function is most directly related to the maintenance of blood pressure?
Which kidney function is most directly related to the maintenance of blood pressure?
How do the kidneys contribute to the regulation of electrolyte and acid-base balance in the body?
How do the kidneys contribute to the regulation of electrolyte and acid-base balance in the body?
What hormonal function of the kidney directly stimulates red blood cell production?
What hormonal function of the kidney directly stimulates red blood cell production?
During periods of prolonged starvation, the kidneys can synthesize glucose from amino acids and other precursors. What is this process called?
During periods of prolonged starvation, the kidneys can synthesize glucose from amino acids and other precursors. What is this process called?
In the context of urine formation, what does glomerular filtration primarily accomplish?
In the context of urine formation, what does glomerular filtration primarily accomplish?
Which substances are typically reabsorbed during tubular reabsorption in the nephron?
Which substances are typically reabsorbed during tubular reabsorption in the nephron?
What is the primary purpose of tubular secretion in the process of urine formation?
What is the primary purpose of tubular secretion in the process of urine formation?
If the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is normal at 180 L/day, but urine production is only 1-2 L/day, what process accounts for the significant difference in volume?
If the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is normal at 180 L/day, but urine production is only 1-2 L/day, what process accounts for the significant difference in volume?
In which segment of the nephron does the majority of reabsorption occur?
In which segment of the nephron does the majority of reabsorption occur?
What is the primary function of the descending limb of the loop of Henle?
What is the primary function of the descending limb of the loop of Henle?
What substance is reabsorbed in the ascending limb of the nephron loop?
What substance is reabsorbed in the ascending limb of the nephron loop?
What is the role of the collecting duct in urine formation?
What is the role of the collecting duct in urine formation?
Which of the following equations best represents the overall process of urinary excretion?
Which of the following equations best represents the overall process of urinary excretion?
If a patient is diagnosed with damage to the peritubular capillaries, what direct effect would this have on kidney function?
If a patient is diagnosed with damage to the peritubular capillaries, what direct effect would this have on kidney function?
How would a significant decrease in the production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) affect urine formation?
How would a significant decrease in the production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) affect urine formation?
A patient's blood test reveals elevated levels of creatinine. What does this typically indicate about kidney function?
A patient's blood test reveals elevated levels of creatinine. What does this typically indicate about kidney function?
If a drug inhibits the reabsorption of sodium ions in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), what is the likely outcome regarding urine volume and blood pressure?
If a drug inhibits the reabsorption of sodium ions in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), what is the likely outcome regarding urine volume and blood pressure?
Flashcards
Cortical Nephrons
Cortical Nephrons
Nephrons mainly in the cortex; short nephron loops.
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
Nephrons with long loops deep in the medulla; concentrate urine.
Peritubular Capillaries (Cortical)
Peritubular Capillaries (Cortical)
The efferent arteriole branches into these vessels surrounding the PCT and DCT.
Vasa Recta
Vasa Recta
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Kidney Function: Filtration
Kidney Function: Filtration
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Kidney Function: Regulation
Kidney Function: Regulation
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Kidney Function: Endocrine
Kidney Function: Endocrine
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Kidney Function: Gluconeogenesis
Kidney Function: Gluconeogenesis
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Glomerular Filtration
Glomerular Filtration
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Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Reabsorption
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Tubular Secretion
Tubular Secretion
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Water Conservation
Water Conservation
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Study Notes
- Study notes for chapter 23 part 2, focusing on the urinary system
Arrangement of Nephrons
- There are two kinds of nephrons: cortical and juxtamedullary
Cortical Nephrons
- Comprise 85% of all nephrons
- Characterized by their short length
- Primarily located in the cortex of the kidney
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
- Have a long nephron loop that extends deep into the medulla
- Play a crucial role in concentrating urine, leading to water retention
Cortical Nephron Circulation
- The efferent arteriole branches into a plexus of vessels
- Peritubular capillaries surround the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Juxtamedullary Nephron Circulation
- The efferent arteriole forms capillaries around the nephron loop called the vasa recta
- This is in addition to the peritubular capillaries
Renal Circulation
- Blood flows from the Aorta into the Renal artery
- From there it goes into the Segmental artery, then Interlobar artery, and then Arcuate artery
- Next the blood flows into the Cortical radiate artery and Afferent arteriole
- After passing through the Glomerulus, blood enters the Efferent arteriole
- From the Efferent arteriole, blood goes into the Peritubular capillaries or Vasa recta, and then to the Cortical radiate vein
- Blood makes it way into the Arcuate and Interlobar vein and then the Renal vein
- Finally blood flows into the Inferior vena cava
Kidney Functions
- Kidneys filter blood to excrete wastes, hormones, and foreign substances
- Kidneys regulate blood volume, blood pressure, blood osmolarity, and electrolyte and acid-base balance
- Endocrine functions include producing erythropoietin for RBC production, calcitriol for calcium homeostasis, and renin to increase blood pressure
- Perform gluconeogenesis during starvation
Nephron Drawing
- The drawing of a nephron is a straightened representation of its actual complex structure, which includes 3 total nephrons
Urine Formation
- Urine formation involves four key processes
- They are glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, and water conservation
Glomerular Filtration
- This is the bulk movement of fluid from the blood into the nephron
- Includes essential substances like glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and electrolytes
- Cells and proteins are not filtered and remain in the blood
Tubular Reabsorption
- Useful solutes are removed from the filtrate and returned to the blood
Tubular Secretion
- Additional wastes are removed from the blood and added to the filtrate
Water Conservation
- Water is removed from the urine and returned to the blood
Filtration Rate
- Approximately 180 liters of filtrate are produced per day
- Only 1 to 2 liters of urine are excreted, because 99% of substance is reabsorbed
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