Urinary System Functions

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the urinary system?

To absorb nutrients

To produce hormones

To digest food

To ensure optimal properties of blood (correct)

What is one of the functions of the kidneys in regulating the balance between water and electrolytes?

Regulating the levels of inorganic ions such as sodium (correct)

Reabsorbing bicarbonate from urine

Excreting hydrogen ions from urine

Producing vitamin D

What is the role of the kidneys in maintaining pH balance?

Excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate from urine (correct)

Releasing excess water and electrolytes

Maintaining blood pressure

Synthesizing glucose from amino acids

What is the function of the enzyme renin?

To help increase blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the kidneys in conversion of vitamin D?

To convert vitamin D to its active form, calcitriol Signup and view all the answers

What do the kidneys do during periods of fasting or starvation?

They perform gluconeogenesis, synthesizing glucose from amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hilum in the kidneys?

Where nerves enter and ureter exits Signup and view all the answers

What covers the kidneys?

A thin fibrous layer Signup and view all the answers

What is the outer layer of the kidney composed of?

Fibroblasts and collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the renal pelvis?

To collect and transport urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the darker outer region of the kidney?

Renal cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the glomerulus?

To filter blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the space within Bowman's capsule?

Bowman's space Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

To reabsorb water and ions Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of transporting substances from the blood into the tubular fluid?

Tubular secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the U-shaped structure in the nephron?

Loop of Henle Signup and view all the answers

What is the final segment of the nephron?

Collecting duct Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the functional units that filter blood and form urine?

Nephrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the loop of Henle?

To reabsorb essential substances Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle?

Simple squamous epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ureters?

To transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle layer is found in the muscularis of the ureters?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the detrusor muscle in the urinary bladder?

To expel urine during micturition Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder?

Transitional epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the urothelium?

To protect underlying tissues from the toxic effects of urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the urethra?

To transport urine from the bladder to the exterior Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of peristalsis in the ureters?

To move urine efficiently through the ureters Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the umbrella cells in the urothelium?

To protect underlying tissues from the toxic effects of urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the renal arteries?

To transport oxygenated blood from the heart and aorta to the kidneys Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the glomerulus?

To filter blood from the renal arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the efferent arterioles?

To transport filtered blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule?

To support the capillaries in the glomerulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mesangial cells?

To provide structural support to the glomerular capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the proximal convoluted tubule?

To reabsorb ions and water in the nephron Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the peritubular capillaries?

To transport filtered blood from the glomerulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the podocytes?

To create the filtration apparatus of the kidney Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the interlobular arteries?

To transport oxygenated blood from the renal arteries to the cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the arcuate arteries?

To run at the base of each pyramid in the renal pelvis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the kidneys in regulating the balance between water and electrolytes?

Maintaining proper cell functioning and muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the kidneys in excretion of metabolic wastes?

Filtering out waste products and secreting excess water and electrolytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the enzyme renin?

Helping in increasing blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the kidneys during periods of fasting or starvation?

Synthesizing glucose from amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the outer layer of the kidney composed of?

A thin fibrous layer Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ureters?

Transporting urine from the kidneys to the bladder Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the kidneys in maintaining blood pressure?

Helping to increase blood pressure through the secretion of renin Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the kidneys in converting vitamin D?

Converting vitamin D to its active form, calcitriol Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of myofibroblasts in the kidney?

To resist volume and pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the region surrounding the renal pelvis and calyces?

Adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the parallel rays extending from the medulla into the cortex?

Medullary rays Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Bowman's capsule?

To collect the filtrate from the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of transporting substances from the tubular fluid back into the blood?

Tubular reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

To reabsorb salts and dilute the filtrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the functional units that filter blood and form urine?

Nephrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the distal convoluted tubule in the nephron?

To continue to reabsorb ions and water Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of transporting substances from the blood into the tubular fluid?

Tubular secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the final segment of the nephron that receives filtrate from multiple nephrons?

Collecting duct Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the renal corpuscle?

To filter waste and excess substances from the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the epithelial capsule that surrounds the glomerulus?

Glomerular capsule Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the mesangial cells in the glomerulus?

To provide structural support to the glomerulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the capillary network that surrounds the proximal convoluted tubule?

Peritubular capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the glomerular capsule?

Capsular space Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the podocytes in the glomerulus?

To filter blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the arteries that branch from the renal arteries and enter the renal cortex?

Interlobular arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the slit diaphragms in the glomerulus?

To regulate the passage of substances during filtration Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the network of capillary loops that surround the loops of Henle and collecting ducts?

Vasa recta Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule cells?

To reabsorb and secrete substances Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cells lining the distal convoluted tubule?

Reabsorption of essential substances Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the urinary bladder wall allows for its expansion?

Muscularis Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the ureters?

Transitional epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the umbrella cells in the urothelium?

To protect underlying cells from urine's hypertonicity Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle layer is found in the muscularis of the ureters?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the urethra in males?

To serve as a conduit for semen during ejaculation and conduct urine from the bladder to the exterior Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the rhythmic contractions of the ureter walls that move urine efficiently?

Peristalsis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the urinary bladder?

To store urine until the volume reaches a threshold Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

Simple squamous epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the transitional epithelium in the urinary system?

To protect underlying tissues from the toxic effects of urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the kidneys regulate the acid-base balance?

Excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate from urine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is NOT a primary function of the kidneys?

Producing hormones that regulate heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the enzyme secreted by the kidneys that helps increase blood pressure?

Renin Signup and view all the answers

During periods of fasting or starvation, what process do the kidneys perform to help maintain blood sugar levels?

Gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which the kidneys filter out waste products and excess water and electrolytes from the blood?

Excretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the kidneys in maintaining blood pressure?

Secreting renin to stimulate the production of angiotensin II Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which the kidneys convert vitamin D to its active form?

Calcitriol synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure through which nerves enter the kidney and the ureter exits?

Hilum Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the fibroblasts in the kidney?

To provide structural support to the kidney Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is responsible for the initial filtration of blood?

Renal corpuscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the renal medulla?

To process and concentrate the filtrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of reabsorbing essential substances from the tubular fluid back into the blood?

Tubular reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones regulates sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule?

Aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the interlobar arteries?

To branch into arcuate arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule?

To form the filtration apparatus of the kidney Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the functional units that collect and transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

Ureters Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mesangial cells?

To provide structural support to the glomerulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the renal cortex?

To filter blood and form urine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures separates the renal pyramids?

Renal columns Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the peritubular capillaries?

To form a secondary capillary network in the cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the podocytes?

To form the filtration apparatus of the kidney Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of transporting substances from the blood into the tubular fluid?

Tubular secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is responsible for the final concentration of urine?

Collecting duct Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the arcuate arteries?

To divide into interlobular arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the efferent arterioles?

To form a secondary capillary network in the cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the glomerular capsule?

To receive the fluid filtered through the capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the renal corpuscle?

To form the functional unit of the nephron Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the interlobar arteries?

To branch into arcuate arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thin descending limb and thin ascending limb in the loop of Henle?

To support the reabsorption of essential substances into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the epithelial cells in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

They are cuboidal and have many mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule?

To perform regulated reabsorption under the influence of aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the muscularis layer in the ureters?

It is composed of smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the urothelium?

To protect underlying tissues from the toxic effects of urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the detrusor muscle in the urinary bladder?

It is composed of smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the umbrella cells in the urothelium?

To protect underlying tissues from the toxic effects of urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the epithelial cells in the urethra?

They are transitional and have umbrella cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the urinary bladder?

To store urine and expel it during micturition Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which the ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

Peristalsis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Urinary System

Consists of: 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, bladder, and urethra
Primary role: Ensure optimal blood properties, regulate water and electrolyte balance, and excrete metabolic wastes and bioactive substances

Functions of the Urinary System

Regulate water and electrolyte balance
Excrete metabolic wastes, excess water, and electrolytes in urine
Excrete bioactive substances, including drugs
Secretion of renin, erythropoietin, and vitamin D
Maintain pH levels and regulate blood pressure

Kidneys

Covered by a thin fibrous layer, with an outer layer of fibroblasts and collagen fibers, and an inner layer of myofibroblasts
Hilum: where nerves enter and ureter exits
Renal pelvis: divides into 2-3 major calyces, which then turn into minor calyces
Renal cortex: outer darker region containing renal corpuscles and tubules
Renal medulla: inner region consisting of aligned linear tubules and ducts
Renal pyramids: 8-15, with bases meeting at the cortex by the corticomedullary junction

Nephron

Functional unit that filters blood and forms urine
Consists of a renal corpuscle and a long renal tubule
Renal corpuscle: glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
Glomerulus: a tuft of capillaries where blood filtration begins
Bowman's capsule: a double-walled capsule that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate

Renal Tubule

Divided into several segments, each with specific functions in processing the filtrate
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT): reabsorbs a majority of the filtrate, including water, ions, and nutrients
Loop of Henle: a U-shaped structure that extends into the medulla
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT): continues to reabsorb ions and water, under the influence of hormones
Collecting duct: the final segment that receives filtrate from multiple nephrons

Nephron Functions

Filtration: occurs in the renal corpuscle, where blood pressure forces water and small solutes through the glomerular capillary walls
Tubular reabsorption: substances are transported from the tubular fluid back into the blood
Tubular secretion: substances are transported from the blood into the tubular fluid

Blood Flow in the Kidneys

Renal arteries: transport oxygenated blood from the heart and aorta to the kidneys
Renal veins: transport filtered deoxygenated blood from the kidneys to the heart
Interlobular arteries: radiate from the arcuate arteries, extending deep into the cortex
Afferent arterioles: lead into the glomerulus, and efferent arterioles exit from the glomerulus

Renal Corpuscle

Contains a tuft of capillaries called glomerulus, surrounded by a epithelial capsule called the glomerular capsule
Glomerular capsule: has a visceral layer and a parietal layer, with a capsular space between them
Podocytes: stellate epithelium that creates the filtration apparatus of the kidney
Slit pores: regulate the passage of substances during filtration

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

Cells are highly specialized for reabsorption and secretion
Structure: dense brush border, abundant mitochondria, and extensive membrane invaginations
Function: reabsorbs a majority of the filtrate, including water, ions, and nutrients

Loop of Henle

Located in the medulla
Thin descending limb and thin ascending limb: simple squamous epithelium and organelles
Thick ascending limb: simple cuboidal epithelium and many mitochondria

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

Lined with simple cuboidal cells that are smaller and flatter compared to the ones in the PCT
Function: performs regulated reabsorption while influenced by the hormone aldosterone

Ureters

Muscular tubes that transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
Structure: mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia
Function: move urine towards the bladder via peristaltic contractions and prevent backflow into the kidneys

Urinary Bladder

Structure: mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia
Function: stores urine and expels it during micturition

Urothelium (Transitional Epithelium)

Found in the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and parts of the urethra
Structure: basal cells, intermediate cells, and umbrella cells
Function: protects underlying tissues from the toxic effects of urine and allows the bladder to stretch and contract

Urethra

Structure: varies in males and females, but includes a prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy urethra
Function: conducts urine from the bladder to the exterior, and in males, serves as a conduit for semen during ejaculation

The Urinary System

Consists of: 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, bladder, and urethra
Primary role: Ensure optimal blood properties, regulate water and electrolyte balance, and excrete metabolic wastes and bioactive substances

Functions of the Urinary System

Regulate water and electrolyte balance
Excrete metabolic wastes, excess water, and electrolytes in urine
Excrete bioactive substances, including drugs
Secretion of renin, erythropoietin, and vitamin D
Maintain pH levels and regulate blood pressure

Kidneys

Covered by a thin fibrous layer, with an outer layer of fibroblasts and collagen fibers, and an inner layer of myofibroblasts
Hilum: where nerves enter and ureter exits
Renal pelvis: divides into 2-3 major calyces, which then turn into minor calyces
Renal cortex: outer darker region containing renal corpuscles and tubules
Renal medulla: inner region consisting of aligned linear tubules and ducts
Renal pyramids: 8-15, with bases meeting at the cortex by the corticomedullary junction

Nephron

Functional unit that filters blood and forms urine
Consists of a renal corpuscle and a long renal tubule
Renal corpuscle: glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
Glomerulus: a tuft of capillaries where blood filtration begins
Bowman's capsule: a double-walled capsule that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate

Renal Tubule

Divided into several segments, each with specific functions in processing the filtrate
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT): reabsorbs a majority of the filtrate, including water, ions, and nutrients
Loop of Henle: a U-shaped structure that extends into the medulla
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT): continues to reabsorb ions and water, under the influence of hormones
Collecting duct: the final segment that receives filtrate from multiple nephrons

Nephron Functions

Filtration: occurs in the renal corpuscle, where blood pressure forces water and small solutes through the glomerular capillary walls
Tubular reabsorption: substances are transported from the tubular fluid back into the blood
Tubular secretion: substances are transported from the blood into the tubular fluid

Blood Flow in the Kidneys

Renal arteries: transport oxygenated blood from the heart and aorta to the kidneys
Renal veins: transport filtered deoxygenated blood from the kidneys to the heart
Interlobular arteries: radiate from the arcuate arteries, extending deep into the cortex
Afferent arterioles: lead into the glomerulus, and efferent arterioles exit from the glomerulus

Renal Corpuscle

Contains a tuft of capillaries called glomerulus, surrounded by a epithelial capsule called the glomerular capsule
Glomerular capsule: has a visceral layer and a parietal layer, with a capsular space between them
Podocytes: stellate epithelium that creates the filtration apparatus of the kidney
Slit pores: regulate the passage of substances during filtration

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

Cells are highly specialized for reabsorption and secretion
Structure: dense brush border, abundant mitochondria, and extensive membrane invaginations
Function: reabsorbs a majority of the filtrate, including water, ions, and nutrients

Loop of Henle

Located in the medulla
Thin descending limb and thin ascending limb: simple squamous epithelium and organelles
Thick ascending limb: simple cuboidal epithelium and many mitochondria

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

Lined with simple cuboidal cells that are smaller and flatter compared to the ones in the PCT
Function: performs regulated reabsorption while influenced by the hormone aldosterone

Ureters

Muscular tubes that transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
Structure: mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia
Function: move urine towards the bladder via peristaltic contractions and prevent backflow into the kidneys

Urinary Bladder

Structure: mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia
Function: stores urine and expels it during micturition

Urothelium (Transitional Epithelium)

Found in the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and parts of the urethra
Structure: basal cells, intermediate cells, and umbrella cells
Function: protects underlying tissues from the toxic effects of urine and allows the bladder to stretch and contract

Urethra

Structure: varies in males and females, but includes a prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy urethra
Function: conducts urine from the bladder to the exterior, and in males, serves as a conduit for semen during ejaculation

The Urinary System

Consists of: 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, bladder, and urethra
Primary role: Ensure optimal blood properties, regulate water and electrolyte balance, and excrete metabolic wastes and bioactive substances

Functions of the Urinary System

Regulate water and electrolyte balance
Excrete metabolic wastes, excess water, and electrolytes in urine
Excrete bioactive substances, including drugs
Secretion of renin, erythropoietin, and vitamin D
Maintain pH levels and regulate blood pressure

Kidneys

Covered by a thin fibrous layer, with an outer layer of fibroblasts and collagen fibers, and an inner layer of myofibroblasts
Hilum: where nerves enter and ureter exits
Renal pelvis: divides into 2-3 major calyces, which then turn into minor calyces
Renal cortex: outer darker region containing renal corpuscles and tubules
Renal medulla: inner region consisting of aligned linear tubules and ducts
Renal pyramids: 8-15, with bases meeting at the cortex by the corticomedullary junction

Nephron

Functional unit that filters blood and forms urine
Consists of a renal corpuscle and a long renal tubule
Renal corpuscle: glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
Glomerulus: a tuft of capillaries where blood filtration begins
Bowman's capsule: a double-walled capsule that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate

Renal Tubule

Divided into several segments, each with specific functions in processing the filtrate
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT): reabsorbs a majority of the filtrate, including water, ions, and nutrients
Loop of Henle: a U-shaped structure that extends into the medulla
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT): continues to reabsorb ions and water, under the influence of hormones
Collecting duct: the final segment that receives filtrate from multiple nephrons

Nephron Functions

Filtration: occurs in the renal corpuscle, where blood pressure forces water and small solutes through the glomerular capillary walls
Tubular reabsorption: substances are transported from the tubular fluid back into the blood
Tubular secretion: substances are transported from the blood into the tubular fluid

Blood Flow in the Kidneys

Renal arteries: transport oxygenated blood from the heart and aorta to the kidneys
Renal veins: transport filtered deoxygenated blood from the kidneys to the heart
Interlobular arteries: radiate from the arcuate arteries, extending deep into the cortex
Afferent arterioles: lead into the glomerulus, and efferent arterioles exit from the glomerulus

Renal Corpuscle

Contains a tuft of capillaries called glomerulus, surrounded by a epithelial capsule called the glomerular capsule
Glomerular capsule: has a visceral layer and a parietal layer, with a capsular space between them
Podocytes: stellate epithelium that creates the filtration apparatus of the kidney
Slit pores: regulate the passage of substances during filtration

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

Cells are highly specialized for reabsorption and secretion
Structure: dense brush border, abundant mitochondria, and extensive membrane invaginations
Function: reabsorbs a majority of the filtrate, including water, ions, and nutrients

Loop of Henle

Located in the medulla
Thin descending limb and thin ascending limb: simple squamous epithelium and organelles
Thick ascending limb: simple cuboidal epithelium and many mitochondria

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

Lined with simple cuboidal cells that are smaller and flatter compared to the ones in the PCT
Function: performs regulated reabsorption while influenced by the hormone aldosterone

Ureters

Muscular tubes that transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
Structure: mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia
Function: move urine towards the bladder via peristaltic contractions and prevent backflow into the kidneys

Urinary Bladder

Structure: mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia
Function: stores urine and expels it during micturition

Urothelium (Transitional Epithelium)

Found in the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and parts of the urethra
Structure: basal cells, intermediate cells, and umbrella cells
Function: protects underlying tissues from the toxic effects of urine and allows the bladder to stretch and contract

Urethra

Structure: varies in males and females, but includes a prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy urethra
Function: conducts urine from the bladder to the exterior, and in males, serves as a conduit for semen during ejaculation

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Description

This quiz covers the key components and functions of the urinary system, including regulating water and electrolyte balance and excreting metabolic wastes and bioactive substances.

Urinary System Functions

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the urinary system?

What is one of the functions of the kidneys in regulating the balance between water and electrolytes?

What is the role of the kidneys in maintaining pH balance?

What is the function of the enzyme renin?

What is the function of the kidneys in conversion of vitamin D?

What do the kidneys do during periods of fasting or starvation?

What is the function of the hilum in the kidneys?

What covers the kidneys?

What is the outer layer of the kidney composed of?

What is the function of the renal pelvis?

What is the term for the darker outer region of the kidney?

What is the function of the glomerulus?

What is the term for the space within Bowman's capsule?

What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

What is the term for the process of transporting substances from the blood into the tubular fluid?

What is the term for the U-shaped structure in the nephron?

What is the final segment of the nephron?

What is the term for the functional units that filter blood and form urine?

What is the main function of the loop of Henle?

What type of epithelium lines the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle?

What is the function of the ureters?

What type of muscle layer is found in the muscularis of the ureters?

What is the function of the detrusor muscle in the urinary bladder?

What type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder?

What is the function of the urothelium?

What is the main function of the urethra?

What is the function of peristalsis in the ureters?

What is the function of the umbrella cells in the urothelium?

What is the function of the renal arteries?

What is the purpose of the glomerulus?

What is the function of the efferent arterioles?

What is the purpose of the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule?

What is the function of the mesangial cells?

What is the purpose of the proximal convoluted tubule?

What is the function of the peritubular capillaries?

What is the function of the podocytes?

What is the function of the interlobular arteries?

What is the function of the arcuate arteries?

What is the primary function of the kidneys in regulating the balance between water and electrolytes?

What is the role of the kidneys in excretion of metabolic wastes?

What is the function of the enzyme renin?

What is the function of the kidneys during periods of fasting or starvation?

What is the outer layer of the kidney composed of?

What is the function of the ureters?

What is the role of the kidneys in maintaining blood pressure?

What is the role of the kidneys in converting vitamin D?

What is the primary function of myofibroblasts in the kidney?

What is the name of the region surrounding the renal pelvis and calyces?

What is the term for the parallel rays extending from the medulla into the cortex?

What is the function of the Bowman's capsule?

What is the term for the process of transporting substances from the tubular fluid back into the blood?

What is the function of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

What is the term for the functional units that filter blood and form urine?

What is the role of the distal convoluted tubule in the nephron?

What is the term for the process of transporting substances from the blood into the tubular fluid?

What is the final segment of the nephron that receives filtrate from multiple nephrons?

What is the primary function of the renal corpuscle?

What is the name of the epithelial capsule that surrounds the glomerulus?

What is the purpose of the mesangial cells in the glomerulus?

What is the name of the capillary network that surrounds the proximal convoluted tubule?

What is the term for the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the glomerular capsule?

What is the function of the podocytes in the glomerulus?

What is the name of the arteries that branch from the renal arteries and enter the renal cortex?

What is the function of the slit diaphragms in the glomerulus?

What is the term for the network of capillary loops that surround the loops of Henle and collecting ducts?

What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule cells?

What is the primary function of the cells lining the distal convoluted tubule?

Which layer of the urinary bladder wall allows for its expansion?

What type of epithelium lines the ureters?

What is the function of the umbrella cells in the urothelium?

What type of muscle layer is found in the muscularis of the ureters?

What is the function of the urethra in males?

What is the term for the rhythmic contractions of the ureter walls that move urine efficiently?

What is the main function of the urinary bladder?

What type of epithelium lines the thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

What is the function of the transitional epithelium in the urinary system?