Questions and Answers
What percentage of cardiac output does the kidney receive?
What is the function of the Macula densa?
What is the name of the vessel that supplies blood to the kidney?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the renal system?
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What is the name of the structure that surrounds the glomerulus?
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What percentage of nephrons are juxtamedullary nephrons?
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What is the primary function of the renal system's excretion?
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What is the term for the functional unit of the kidney?
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What is the location of the juxtamedullary nephrons?
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What is the function of the peritubular capillaries?
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What is the name of the vessel that receives the filtered blood from the glomerulus?
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What is the term for the process by which the kidney regulates blood pressure?
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Study Notes
Functions of the Renal System
- Excretes waste and foreign products
- Regulates blood electrolytes, pH, blood volume, and pressure
- Produces hormones such as Erythropoietin, Vitamin D, and Renin
- Assists in blood glucose level regulation
- Transports and stores urine in the lower urinary tract
Anatomy of the Urinary System
- Kidney: paired organs located in the retroperitoneum, right kidney is lower than left
- Divided into cortex and medulla
- Consists of 1 million nephrons per kidney
- Renal Papilla, Minor and Major Calyx, and Renal Pelvis are part of the kidney structure
- Supplied by renal artery and vein, receiving 20-25% of cardiac output
- Has two sets of capillaries: arterioles and vasa recta
Nephron: Functional Unit
- 1.2 million nephrons per kidney, cannot be replaced
- Consists of Renal Corpuscle and Renal Tubules
- Two types of nephrons: Cortical (70-80%) and Juxtamedullary (20-30%)
Nephron: Renal Corpuscle
- Glomerulus: a cluster of capillaries surrounded by podocytes
- Glomerular capillaries are fenestrated
- Bowman's capsule and Bowman's space are part of the glomerulus
Nephron: Renal Tubules
- Proximal Tubule: 65% reabsorptive capacity, majority of electrolytes reabsorbed
- Loop of Henle: descending limb permeable to water, ascending limb permeable to solutes
- Distal Convoluted Tubule: divided into early and late, senses NaCl concentration
- Collecting Duct: cortical and medullary parts, regulated by juxtaglomerular cells
Urine Formation
- Process: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion
- Glomerular Filtration Barrier: podocytes, glomerular capillaries, and Bowman's capsule
- Net Filtration Pressure: determines the rate of filtration
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Description
Diagnose Carlos's symptoms and understand the functions of the renal system in this case study. Learn about the excretion of waste and foreign products, regulation of blood electrolytes, and more. Test your knowledge of the urinary system!
