Urinary System and Kidney Functions

What is the primary function of the fenestrations in the glomerulus?

To regulate blood pressure
To prevent the passage of small molecules
To allow substances to pass through the capillaries (correct)
To filter out large proteins from the blood

Which part of the nephron is responsible for reabsorbing approximately 65% of the filtrate?

Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting Duct
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (correct)
Loop of Henle

What is the main function of the podocytes in the glomerulus?

To regulate blood pressure
To create gaps for filtration (correct)
To filter out small molecules from the blood
To produce erythropoietin

What is the name of the hormone produced by the extraglomerular mesangial cells?

Erythropoietin (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of substance exchange between the renal tubules and the peritubular capillaries?

Give and take (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure that surrounds the glomerulus?

Bowman's capsule (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the macula densa cells?

To regulate the glomerular filtration rate (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cells that are found in a straight row at the opening of Bowman's capsule?

D-shaped cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the part of the nephron that has a descending and ascending limb?

Loop of Henle (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of blood formation?

Erythropoiesis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the kidneys in terms of blood composition?

To control the volume, pressure, and pH of blood (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the kidneys in vitamin D activation?

To facilitate the absorption of calcium through the GIT (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the kidneys and the urinary bladder?

The ureters from each kidney empty into the urinary bladder (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the kidneys in the body?

Retroperitoneal, between T12 and L3 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the kidneys in maintaining pH balance in the body?

To remove excess protons or hydrogen atoms to maintain pH (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why is calcium important for the body?

It is essential for muscle contractions and skeletal muscle function (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the kidneys in the production of blood cells?

They produce a hormone that stimulates the red bone marrow to produce blood cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS)?

To regulate blood pressure (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium is found in the ureters and urinary bladder?

Transitional epithelium (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the detrusor muscle?

To contract and relax the bladder wall (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the internal urethral sphincter?

To control the flow of urine through the urethra (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the lining of the majority of the urinary bladder in females?

Adventitia (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the renal fasciae?

To anchor the kidney to the body wall (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the notch on the medial kidney?

Hilum (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nephron?

To filter, reabsorb, and secrete (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney?

Renal capsule (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cup-shaped capsule that surrounds the glomerulus?

Bowman's capsule (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the renal sinus?

To expand the hilus (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the blood vessels that enter and exit the glomerulus?

Afferent and efferent arterioles (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the podocytes?

To surround the glomerulus (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of removing waste products from the blood?

Excretion (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the upper expanded end of the ureter?

Renal pelvis (C) Signup and view all the answers