Urinary System and Circulatory Functions

Pulmonary circulation = Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs Systemic circulation = Delivers oxygenated blood to body tissues Coronary circulation = Supplies blood to heart muscle Hepatic circulation = Involves blood flow to the liver

Pulmonary veins = Return oxygenated blood to the left atrium Vena cava = Brings deoxygenated blood to the right atrium Aorta = Distributes oxygenated blood to the body Pulmonary arteries = Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Pulmonary circulation = Gas exchange in the lungs Systemic circulation = Nutrient delivery to tissues Coronary circulation = Blood flow to the heart Cerebral circulation = Blood supply to the brain

<p>Systemic circulation = Carries waste to kidneys Pulmonary circulation = Removes carbon dioxide from blood Coronary circulation = No role in excretion Hepatic circulation = Transports waste to the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urine test analysis = Understanding normal urine constituents Organ donation awareness = Importance of organ donation Waste-free initiatives = Environmental sustainability Respiratory system models = Anatomy education</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose = Diabetes Albumin = Kidney diseases Bilirubin = Jaundice Pus cells = Urinary tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0% = No change (remains blue) 0.5 – 1% = Green 1.5 - 2% = Orange</p> <blockquote> <p>2% = Red/Brick red</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long urination avoidance = Infection in the urinary bladder Increased bacteria retention = Serious kidney diseases Dehydration = Increased risk of urinary infections Prolonged retention = Damage to the inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose = Indicates inability to regulate blood sugar Albumin = Potential kidney damage Blood = Possible kidney issues Calcium oxalate crystals = Kidney stones risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Take urine sample = Use clean test tubes Add Benedict reagent = Test for sugar Heat the samples = Observe color changes Observe color change = Determine glucose concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drinking water = Helps in flushing out germs Timely urination = Prevents bacterial growth Regular hydration = Reduces infection risk Avoiding retention = Protects kidney function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemodialysis = Removal of waste from blood Kidney dysfunction = Interruption of waste filtering Excretory materials = Accumulation in blood Complete kidney failure = Need for dialysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drinking sufficient water = Prevents urinary tract infections Avoiding long urination = Reduces risk of infections Timely medical check-ups = Early diagnosis of diseases Regular urine testing = Monitors kidney health</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon dioxide = Byproduct of cellular respiration Urea = Main nitrogenous waste in urine Excess water = Filtered and excreted through urine Salts = Excess minerals excreted through sweat</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water = Majority component of filtrate Glucose = Reabsorbed to provide energy Amino acids = Building blocks of proteins Vitamins = Essential organic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kidney = Main excretory organ Ureter = Carries urine to the bladder Urinary bladder = Stores urine before release Urethra = Carries urine outside the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal artery = Carries blood to the kidney Renal vein = Carries blood away from the kidney Glomerulus = Network of capillaries for filtration Nephron = Basic functional unit of the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urea = Produced from ammonia in the liver Uric acid = Waste from purine metabolism Creatinine = Waste from muscle metabolism Ammonia = Toxic byproduct of protein metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pelvis = Collects urine in the kidney Nephron = Functional unit of the kidney Liver = Synthesizes urea from ammonia Sweat glands = Excrete excess salts and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Action of intercostal muscles = Contracts (lifts the ribs) Movement of ribs = Rises Change that occurs to the diaphragm = Contracts (flattens) Volume of thoracic cavity = Increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excretion = Removal of waste from the body Filtration = Process of separating waste from blood Reabsorption = Returning nutrients back to blood Homeostasis = Regulation of internal balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nitrogenous waste = Includes urea and uric acid Salts = Inorganic waste in urine Excess water = Used for eliminating waste Carbon dioxide = Gaseous waste during respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen concentration = Higher in the alveolus Carbon dioxide concentration = Higher in the blood capillaries Oxygen diffusion direction = Into the blood capillaries Carbon dioxide diffusion direction = Into the alveolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thin walls of alveolus = Facilitates easy diffusion of gases Moisture in alveolar wall = Helps dissolve respiratory gases Distance between alveolus and blood capillary = Less than one thousandth of a millimeter Red blood cells = Contain hemoglobin for oxygen transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inspiration = Air enters the lungs Expiration = Air leaves the lungs Oxygen diffusion = From alveolus into blood Carbon dioxide diffusion = From blood into alveolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pressure of air in the lungs during inspiration = Decreases Pressure of air in the lungs during expiration = Increases Movement of air during inspiration = Enters the lungs Movement of air during expiration = Leaves the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alveolar wall = Single layer of cells facilitating diffusion Blood capillary wall = Single layer of cells facilitating diffusion Carbon dioxide concentration = High in the blood Oxygen concentration = Low in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen diffusion into blood = Occurs from higher to lower concentration Carbon dioxide diffusion into alveolus = Occurs from higher to lower concentration Gas exchange efficiency = Enhanced by thin walls Moisture's role = Assists in gas dissolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Step 1 = Blood is drawn and heparin is added. Step 2 = Blood circulates through the dialysis unit. Step 3 = Purified blood is returned to the patient. Step 4 = Dialysis fluid is removed and replaced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amoeba = Ammonia Earthworm = Uric acid Insects = Ammonia Birds = Uric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Earthworm = Nephridia Fish = Kidneys Reptiles = Kidneys Frog = Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver = Filters blood and produces bile Kidney = Filters waste products and produces urine Lungs = Exchanges gases Skin = Regulates body temperature and excretes sweat</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wrong food habits = Disrupts normal body function Lack of exercise = Contributes to cardiovascular disease Alcoholism = Has severe health impacts Pollution = Weakens the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preparation = Blood and tissue matching Surgery = Connecting blood vessels and ureter Post Surgery = Medications to prevent rejection Follow up = Monitoring health of new kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ammonia = Main excretory product for aquatic organisms Uric acid = Conserves water in excretory process Water vapor = Excreted through stomata in plants Stomata = Small pores on leaves for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water = Excreted through hydathodes Solid wastes = Include heart wood and dropping of leaves Salts = Excreted through specialized pores Resins = Excreted as solid wastes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contractile vacuole = Amoeba Malpighian tubules = Insects Kidneys = Frog</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals = Adopt eco-friendly practices Society = Promote environmental conservation Communities = Work together on sustainable policies Organizations = Implement conservation practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dialysis fluid replacement = To remove waste products effectively Blood circulation = To allow diffusion of waste Heparin addition = To prevent clotting Blood purification = To restore homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Over nutrition = An unbalanced diet leading to health problems Mental stress = Contributes to weight gain and cardiovascular disease Smoking = Impacts various organ systems negatively Lack of hygiene = Leads to exposure to pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kidneys = Main organ for excretion in vertebrates Ureter = Transports urine from kidneys to bladder Dialysis = Artificial method of filtering blood Transplantation = Replacing a failed kidney with a donor kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lungs = Remove carbon dioxide and take in oxygen Skin = Provides barrier against infection Liver = Detoxifies harmful substances Kidney = Filters blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homeostasis = Sign of life and internal balance Detoxification = Process of removing harmful substances Excretion = Removal of waste products from the body Environmental conservation = Protection and sustainable use of resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Addictive drugs = Severe health impacts Improper use of medicines = Adverse effects on body functions Alcoholism = Detrimental to health Smoking = Negative effects on organ systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of breathing in, where the intercostal muscles contract, lifting the ribs, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity, decreasing air pressure inside the lungs, allowing air to enter.

The process of breathing out, where the intercostal muscles relax, lowering the ribs, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity, increasing air pressure inside the lungs, forcing air out.

The exchange of oxygen from the air in the alveoli into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli.

The thin wall of the alveolus, made of a single layer of cells, allowing easy diffusion of gases.

The thin wall of the blood capillary, also made of a single layer of cells, allowing easy diffusion of gases.

Oxygen diffuses from the alveolus into the blood capillaries, moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood capillaries into the alveolus, moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.

The distance between the air in the alveolus and the blood in the alveolar capillary is very small, ensuring efficient gas exchange.

The process of removing waste materials from the body.

A waste product of protein metabolism, produced in the liver and excreted through urine.

The main excretory organ in humans, responsible for filtering waste from the blood and producing urine.

The functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

The fluid filtered from blood in the glomerulus of the nephron, containing water, glucose, amino acids, ions, and waste products.

The process by which useful substances from the glomerular filtrate, such as glucose, amino acids, and water, are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.

The process by which excess substances, waste products, and toxins are removed from the blood and excreted in urine.

A waste product of muscle metabolism that is filtered by the kidneys and excreted in urine.

The process of eliminating waste products and excess water from the body through urine.

A medical condition where the body cannot properly regulate blood sugar levels, leading to excess glucose in the urine.

A protein found in blood, which should be filtered by the kidneys and not present in urine. High levels in urine indicate kidney problems.

A pigment produced during the breakdown of red blood cells, which can be present in urine when the liver is not working properly.

A type of kidney stone formed from calcium oxalate crystals.

Inflammation and infection of the urinary tract, often caused by bacteria.

A medical procedure that filters and cleanses blood when the kidneys are unable to function properly.

Any abnormal substance found in urine, which may indicate a medical condition.

The process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

The filtering of waste products from the blood and the production of urine.

The exchange of gases, eliminating carbon dioxide and taking in oxygen.

An imbalance in the body's systems due to factors like poor diet, lack of exercise, or stress.

A diet that lacks essential nutrients and can lead to health problems.

The intake of too much food, leading to weight gain and health issues.

Practices that minimize harm to the environment, such as reducing waste and conserving resources.

Actions taken by individuals and communities to conserve the environment.

Pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide. Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all the body tissues, delivering oxygen and picking up carbon dioxide.

The kidneys filter waste products from the blood, which is transported by the systemic circulation. Waste products in the blood are transported back to the heart via the vena cava, then pumped to the kidneys by the aorta through the systemic circulation.

Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart's left atrium.

The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through the aorta to the rest of the body.

The vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart's right atrium.

A process where waste products and excess fluids are removed from the blood using a dialysis machine.

It is a liquid that helps to collect waste products and excess fluids from the blood during hemodialysis.

The blood is constantly circulated through the dialysis unit, allowing waste products and excess fluids to move from the blood into the dialysis fluid.

A surgical procedure where a healthy kidney from a donor is transplanted into a recipient's body to replace their failing kidneys.

It is a major step to prevent rejection of the new kidney. Involves blood group matching, tissue matching, and cross matching.

The process of removing metabolic waste products from the body of an organism.

The main excretory product of Earthworms, which is a nitrogenous waste product.

The main excretory product of insects, which is a nitrogenous waste product that is less toxic and can be excreted with less water.