Urinary System Anatomy Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the average rate of urine production?

2 ml / minute

5 ml / minute

0.5 ml / minute

1 ml / minute (correct)

Which part of the kidney is responsible for the production of urine?

Cortex (correct)

Medulla

Collecting ducts

Fibrous capsule

What is the function of the ureters?

Transportation of urine (correct)

Storage of urine

Production of urine

Filration of blood

What is the length of the ureter?

25 cm Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

Storage of urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of epithelium that lines the mucosa of the urinary bladder?

Transitional epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the triangular area in the urinary bladder?

Trigone Signup and view all the answers

At rest, what is the angle between the urethra and the base of the urinary bladder?

90-100° Signup and view all the answers

What is nocturnal enuresis characterized by?

Involuntary loss of urine during sleep Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of stress urinary incontinence?

Urethral hypermobility due to weak pelvic floor support Signup and view all the answers

What is urgency urinary incontinence characterized by?

Involuntary loss of urine associated with urgency Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the observation of an involuntary droplet of urine leaving the urethra?

Sign Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of rotational descent of the urethra below the symphysis pubis?

Anatomic incontinence Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the sudden, compelling desire to pass urine which is difficult to defer?

Urgency Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the neurological control in the bladder?

To prevent the bladder from contracting in response to stretch Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to increased intra-urethral pressure?

The extrinsic striated muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the posterior urethro-vesical angle of 90-100°?

It plays a role in the mechanism of continence at stress Signup and view all the answers

Which type of urinary incontinence is characterized by an involuntary loss of urine associated with urgency and effort or physical exertion?

Mixed urinary incontinence Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hammock theory in the mechanism of continence?

To compress the urethra against the anterior vaginal wall Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the normal ability of a person to store urine temporarily with conscious control over the time and place of micturition?

Continence Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the intra-abdominal situation of both the bladder and upper part of the urethra in the mechanism of continence?

It leads to equally transmitted pressure on both the bladder and urethra Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the involuntary loss of urine on effort or physical exertion?

Stress urinary incontinence Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the urethra?

3-4 cm Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the urethra?

To transport urine from the bladder to outside the body Signup and view all the answers

At what volume is the first mild desire to void commonly felt?

150-200 mL Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of continence at rest?

Elastic properties of the bladder wall Signup and view all the answers

What is the internal meatus of the urethra?

The opening of the urethra into the urinary bladder Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the detrusor muscle in the micturition cycle?

To contract during the voiding phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pubourethral ligaments?

To provide urethral support Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the muscle that forms the lower part of the extrinsic urethral sphincter?

Compressor urethrae and urethrovaginal sphincter Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary contributing factor to increase intraabdominal pressure in urinary incontinence?

Chronic cough Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of non-surgical management in urinary incontinence?

To manage urinary incontinence without surgery Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a patient with urinary incontinence?

Multipara Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the cough stress test in assessing urinary incontinence?

To observe urine leakage with stress Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration of pelvic floor muscle training in non-surgical management of urinary incontinence?

At least 3 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for surgical treatment in urinary incontinence?

Stress urinary incontinence Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for managing mixed incontinence?

Treatment according to the dominant component Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of voiding diaries in assessing urinary incontinence?

To monitor the patient's symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Urinary Tract

The urinary tract consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.

The Kidney

The kidney has two parts: right and left.
The kidney has a fibrous capsule, cortex, medulla, collecting ducts, and pelvis.
The kidney's blood supply comes from the renal artery and renal vein.
The kidney's function is to produce urine, with an average production of 1ml per minute.

The Ureter

There are two ureters, one for each kidney.
The ureter is a hollow muscular canal that is 25cm long.
The ureter starts at the pelvis of the kidney and ends at the urinary bladder.
The ureter has abdominal and pelvic parts.
The ureter's function is to transport urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

The Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a midline hollow sac that lies directly behind the pubic symphysis.
The bladder has three layers: mucosa (inner), musculosa (middle), and serosa (outer).
The bladder has a dome, trigone, and relations with the uterus, cervix, and vagina.
The bladder's function is to store urine.

The Urethra

The urethra is a fibromuscular tube that is 3-4cm long.
The urethra has two openings: internal meatus and external meatus.
The urethra has intrinsic and extrinsic sphincters.
The urethra's function is to transport urine from the bladder to outside the body.

Micturition Cycle

The micturition cycle has two phases: filling and voiding.
During the filling phase, the detrusor muscle is relaxed, and the sensation of fullness becomes more consciously apparent with increasing stored volume.
During the voiding phase, the levator ani and urethral sphincter muscles relax, and the detrusor muscle contracts.

Mechanism of Continence

At rest, continence is maintained by low intra-vesical pressure and intra-urethral pressure.
Factors maintaining low intra-vesical pressure include passive and active factors.
Factors increasing intra-urethral pressure include the mucosal seal, vascular cushion, urethral sphincters, and the hammock theory.
The posterior urethro-vesical angle of 90-100° also helps maintain continence.

Mechanism of Continence at Stress

Continence is maintained during stress by equally transmitted pressure on both the bladder and urethra.
Additional factors that help maintain continence during stress include the extrinsic striated muscles, the hammock, and kinking of the urinary bladder neck.

Urinary Incontinence

Urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine.
Stress urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine on effort or physical exertion.
Urgency urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine associated with urgency.
Mixed urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine associated with both urgency and effort.
Nocturnal enuresis is the involuntary loss of urine during sleep.

Female Urinary Incontinence

Female urinary incontinence can be classified into transurethral, extraurethral, and functional categories.

Stress Urinary Incontinence

Stress urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine on effort or physical exertion.
The mechanism of incontinence involves anatomic and intrinsic sphincteric deficiency factors.
Urethral hypermobility is a common cause of stress urinary incontinence.

Urgency Urinary Incontinence

Urgency urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine associated with urgency.
Contributing factors include weak tissues, pregnancy, childbirth, obesity, and increased intraabdominal pressure.
Assessment involves a detailed history, examination, and investigations such as urine analysis, voiding diaries, and pad test.

Management

Non-surgical management is the first step in managing urinary incontinence.
Non-surgical management includes lifestyle interventions, physical therapies, behavioral therapies, and devices.
Surgical treatment is considered if non-surgical management is not effective.
The type of treatment depends on the type of incontinence.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the urinary system, including the kidney, ureter, bladder, and urethra. Learn about the blood supply and parts of the kidney.