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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
Urine is considered a non-infectious body fluid.
Urine is considered a non-infectious body fluid.
False
What is the typical daily production range of urine in liters?
What is the typical daily production range of urine in liters?
0.6 to 2.5
The urethra begins at the base of the bladder and ends with an external opening in the ______.
The urethra begins at the base of the bladder and ends with an external opening in the ______.
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Match the following parts of the urinary system with their corresponding descriptions:
Match the following parts of the urinary system with their corresponding descriptions:
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Which layer surrounds each kidney and is made of fibrous connective tissue?
Which layer surrounds each kidney and is made of fibrous connective tissue?
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The renal pelvis is the narrow passage that becomes continuous with the ureters.
The renal pelvis is the narrow passage that becomes continuous with the ureters.
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What is the function of the ureters?
What is the function of the ureters?
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The __________ are extensions of the renal cortex that divide the medulla into renal pyramids.
The __________ are extensions of the renal cortex that divide the medulla into renal pyramids.
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Match the following kidney structures with their descriptions:
Match the following kidney structures with their descriptions:
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Which structure is located at the hilum of the kidney?
Which structure is located at the hilum of the kidney?
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The renal fascia is primarily composed of adipose tissue.
The renal fascia is primarily composed of adipose tissue.
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Where do the ureters enter the pelvic cavity?
Where do the ureters enter the pelvic cavity?
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Which of the following is an organic substance found in urine?
Which of the following is an organic substance found in urine?
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Uric acid is a product of purine oxidation.
Uric acid is a product of purine oxidation.
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What is the typical pH range of urine?
What is the typical pH range of urine?
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High specific gravity in urine can indicate a __________ process, such as cancer.
High specific gravity in urine can indicate a __________ process, such as cancer.
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Match the following abnormal constituents in urine with their potential causes:
Match the following abnormal constituents in urine with their potential causes:
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What color variation can urine display?
What color variation can urine display?
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Fresh urine samples should appear cloudy immediately after collection.
Fresh urine samples should appear cloudy immediately after collection.
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What might hemoglobinuria indicate?
What might hemoglobinuria indicate?
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What is the primary function of the urinary system?
What is the primary function of the urinary system?
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The left kidney is shorter and positioned closer to the midline compared to the right kidney.
The left kidney is shorter and positioned closer to the midline compared to the right kidney.
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Name the four main structures that make up the human urinary system.
Name the four main structures that make up the human urinary system.
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The kidneys are located in the _____ region of the abdominal cavity.
The kidneys are located in the _____ region of the abdominal cavity.
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Match the following components of the urinary system with their functions:
Match the following components of the urinary system with their functions:
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What should be collected every 30 minutes during the 90-minute experiment?
What should be collected every 30 minutes during the 90-minute experiment?
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The dipstick should be held vertically to avoid contaminating the pigmented pads.
The dipstick should be held vertically to avoid contaminating the pigmented pads.
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Name the layers of the bladder identified in the histology slides.
Name the layers of the bladder identified in the histology slides.
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The ______ is responsible for the striated appearance in the medulla of the kidney.
The ______ is responsible for the striated appearance in the medulla of the kidney.
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Match the following renal structures with their descriptions:
Match the following renal structures with their descriptions:
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What is the initial action performed by subjects when starting the urine collection procedure?
What is the initial action performed by subjects when starting the urine collection procedure?
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The urine analysis involves determining pH, specific gravity, ______, and colour.
The urine analysis involves determining pH, specific gravity, ______, and colour.
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It is recommended to discard urine after each collection during the experiment.
It is recommended to discard urine after each collection during the experiment.
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Study Notes
### Urinary System Anatomy
- Composition: Two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra
-
Kidneys: Found retroperitoneal in the posterior abdominal region, lateral to the vertebral column
- Right Kidney: Lower than the left due to liver proximity
- Left Kidney: Longer, more slender, and closer to the midline
- Renal Capsule: Fibrous connective tissue surrounding each kidney
- Perirenal Fat: Adipose tissue attaching kidneys to the posterior body wall, providing cushioning
- Renal Fascia: Connective tissue layer anchoring kidneys and surrounding fat to the abdominal wall
- Hilum: Medial margin of each kidney where renal artery, vein, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and ureter enter and exit
- Renal Cortex: Pale continuous tissue band surrounding the renal medulla
-
Renal Medulla: Consists of renal columns and renal pyramids
- Renal Columns: Extensions of the cortex dividing the medulla into pyramids
- Renal Pyramids: Triangular shaped tissue with bases facing the cortex and apexes towards the renal sinus
- Renal Papilla: Apical projections of pyramids surrounded by the minor calices
- Minor and Major Calices: Minor calices unite to form major calices, which then unite to form the renal pelvis
- Renal Pelvis: Superior funnel-shaped end of the ureter
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Ureters: Muscular tubes transporting urine from kidneys to the bladder
- Found retroperitoneally on the medial aspect of the psoas major muscle
- Cross the common iliac artery or the beginning of the external iliac artery before entering the pelvic cavity
- Bladder: Situated in the pelvic cavity when empty, expanding superiorly into the abdomen when full
-
Urethra: Begins at the bladder base and ends with an external opening in the perineum
- Female Urethra: Shorter and only carries urine
- Male Urethra: Longer and carries urine and semen
Urinalysis
- Purpose: To assist the body in maintaining homeostasis through regulating pH balance, water balance, and electrolyte balance
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Key Functions:
- Excretion of waste products
-
Urine Composition: Complex aqueous solution containing:
-
Organic Substances:
- Urea
- Uric Acid
- Creatinine
-
Inorganic Substances:
- Chloride
- Phosphates
- Sulphates
- Ammonia
-
Organic Substances:
-
Normal Urine Characteristics:
- Color: Light straw to amber
- Turbidity: Fresh urine should be transparent, may become cloudy after standing
- Odor: Usually odorless
- pH: Usually 6 (range 4.8 – 7.5)
- Specific Gravity: Reflects the kidney's ability to concentrate urine
-
Abnormal Urine Constituents:
- Glucose: Indicates diabetes mellitus
- Ketones: Present in diabetes mellitus and periods of stress
- Blood: Caused by factors such as high altitudes, kidney stones
- Hemoglobin: Indicates hemolytic anemia, transfusion reactions, infections
- Bilirubin: Indicates blocked bile ducts, liver cirrhosis, liver cancer
- Protein: Indicates impaired kidney function
### Practical Experiment
- Objective: To analyze the effects of different fluid consumptions on urine production and composition
-
Groups:
- Group A: Consumes 800ml of filtered water
- Group B: Consumes 800ml of an isosmotic solution (1 ½ tsp table salt in water)
- Group C: Consumes a standard cup of black coffee
-
Measurements:
- Urine Volume: Collected and measured at 30-minute intervals for 90 minutes
-
Urine Characteristics:
- pH
- Specific Gravity
- Clarity
- Color
- Dipstick tests
### Histology
-
Kidney:
- Cortex: Outer layer of the kidney
- Medulla: Inner layer of the kidney with a striated appearance due to the presence of renal tubules and collecting ducts
- Glomeruli: Tiny blood vessels responsible for filtering waste products
-
Bladder:
- Mucosa Layer: Lined with transitional epithelium and lamina propria
-
Ureter:
- Lumen: Central cavity of the ureter
- Inner Mucosa Layer: Composed of transitional epithelium and lamina propria
- Muscular Layer: Contains longitudinal and circular muscle bands, responsible for peristaltic contractions to propel urine
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the urinary system, including the structure and function of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Explore details about the renal capsule, perirenal fat, and renal medulla. Perfect for students studying human anatomy!
