Questions and Answers
What is the fibrous capsule that prevents kidney infection?
What are the two types of nephrons and their percentage?
Cortical nephrons - 85%; Juxtamedullary nephrons - 15%
What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
What is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood into the glomerular capsule?
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What is the filtration membrane and what is it made of?
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What is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
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What happens to nutrients when the nutrient abundance is higher?
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How does the urinary bladder anatomy support its storage function?
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What can trigger the initiation of micturition?
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Osmotic pressure is higher in blood plasma than in _____
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What are the main functions of the ureter, bladder, and urethra?
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Why are salts important in your body?
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What hormone is released when the blood becomes hypertonic?
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What is alkalosis?
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What are the sources of gain or loss of water in the body?
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Match the following parts of the nephron with their functions:
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The kidneys assist in maintaining acid-base balance.
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Extracellular fluids have a low sodium content compared to intracellular fluids.
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Study Notes
Kidney Membranes
- Renal capsule: A fibrous layer that protects against infection.
- Adipose capsule: Fatty tissue providing cushioning and anchorage.
- Renal fascia: A dense outer layer securing the kidney in place.
Anatomy of the Kidney
- Cortex: The outer, light-colored, granular region.
- Medulla: Contains cone-shaped medullary pyramids, essential for urine formation.
- Renal pelvis: Funnel-shaped tube that collects urine from major calyces.
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Calyces:
- Major calyces collect urine from minor calyces.
- Minor calyces interface with renal papillae to gather urine.
- Renal corpuscle: Comprising glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, responsible for initial blood filtration.
- Renal hilum: Entry point for vessels, nerves, and ureters.
Blood Flow Through the Kidney
- Blood circulates from aorta to:
- Renal artery → Segmental artery → Interlobar artery → Arcuate artery → Cortical radiate artery → Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Efferent arteriole → Peritubular capillaries/vasa recta → Cortical radiate vein → Arcuate vein → Interlobar vein → Renal vein → Inferior vena cava.
Nephron Structure
- Nephron: The fundamental structural and functional unit of the kidney, consisting of the glomerulus and renal tubules.
Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion
- Filtration: Removes waste while retaining essential substances.
- Reabsorption: Transfers ions from filtrate back to the bloodstream.
- Secretion: Eliminates unwanted substances and helps maintain blood pH.
Glomerular Blood Pressure
- Glomerulus has higher filtration membrane permeability and blood pressure compared to other capillaries.
- Plasma proteins are retained in blood, contributing to oncotic pressure.
Filtration Mechanism
- Hydrostatic pressure: The primary force driving filtration.
- Filtration membrane: Composed of fenestrated capillaries, podocytes, and a basement membrane facilitating the selective passage of substances.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
- Normal GFR ranges between 120-125 ml/min.
- Changes in GFR affect the reabsorption of substances; excessively high or low GFR obstructs optimal renal function.
Types of Nephrons
- Cortical nephrons: Constitute 85% of nephrons, primarily in the cortex with short loops of Henle.
- Juxtamedullary nephrons: Positioned at the cortex-medulla junction, crucial for producing concentrated urine.
Renal Hormones
- Hormones like ADH and aldosterone regulate kidney functions, affecting water and sodium balance.
Ureter, Bladder, and Urethra Functions
- Ureters transport urine; bladder stores urine; urethra expels urine from the body.
Urine Characteristics
- Fresh urine is pale yellow; changes in color or odor can indicate conditions.
- Typical pH is slightly acidic, with specific gravity indicating solute concentration.
Water Gain and Loss
- Main sources of water gain: Ingestion, food, and metabolism.
- Loss occurs through urine, perspiration, respiration, and gastrointestinal system.
Body Fluid Compartments
- Intracellular fluid (ICF): Majority of body water found within cells.
- Extracellular fluid (ECF): Includes plasma and interstitial fluid, containing less water than ICF.
Hydrogen Ion Regulation
- Managed through buffering systems (bicarbonate, phosphate, protein) and organ mechanisms (lungs and kidneys).
Acidosis and Alkalosis
- Most common acid-base imbalance is respiratory acidosis.
- Infants with colic can experience respiratory alkalosis due to hyperventilation.
Functions of the Kidneys
- A WET BED: Refers to Acid-base balance, Water removal, Erythropoiesis, Toxin removal, Blood pressure control, Electrolyte balance, and Vitamin D activation.
Urine Formation Pathway
- Follows path: Glomerulus → Glomerular capsule → PCT → Nephron Loop → DCT → Collecting Duct → Papilla → Minor calyx → Major calyx → Renal pelvis → Ureters → Bladder → Urethra.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the urinary system with these flashcards, focusing on the anatomy and protective membranes of the kidneys. Learn about the renal capsule, adipose capsule, and renal fascia, along with various parts of the kidney such as calyces and cortex. Perfect for students studying human anatomy.
