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What is the length range of the male urethra?
Which artery is NOT associated with the blood supply of the bladder?
Which part of the male urethra is considered the widest and most dilatable?
Which structure is formed by the median lobe of the prostate and found near the internal urethral orifice?
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What anatomical structure does the ureter descend along in the abdomen?
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What is the arterial supply for the prostatic part of the male urethra?
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Which component does the nerve supply of the bladder NOT include?
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What is the primary function of the ureter?
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Which statement about the trigone of the bladder is FALSE?
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Where do the renal arteries arise from?
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What distinguishes the left renal vein from the right renal vein?
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During benign prostatic hypertrophy, what happens to the internal urethral orifice?
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What nerve supply provides sympathetic innervation to the kidneys?
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Which of the following features is found in the posterior wall of the prostatic urethra?
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What veins correspond with the venous drainage of the bladder?
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What mechanism prevents urine reflux into the ureter during bladder contraction?
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What is a common complication related to the drainage of the left renal vein?
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Which regions are responsible for the constrictions of the ureter?
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What division does the ureter not include?
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What is the arterial supply for the abdominal part of the ureter?
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In relation to the renal pelvis, where does the ureter run in the pelvis?
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Which veins are involved in the venous drainage of the pelvic portion of the ureter?
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What shape does the urinary bladder resemble when it is empty?
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Which symptom is typically associated with ureteric calculi obstructing urinary flow?
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What anatomical feature allows the bladder to function as a reservoir for urine?
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What positional difference is noted in the urinary bladder between children and adults?
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Which feature helps prevent the reflux of urine from the urinary bladder into the ureter?
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Which of the following is NOT a part of the bladder anatomy?
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What is the correct anatomical position of the kidneys within the body?
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Which of the following structures is NOT part of the coverings of the kidney?
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What anatomical feature of the kidney helps maintain its normal mobility?
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Which structure opens into the minor calyx at the renal papilla?
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What is the primary function of the urinary bladder?
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Which nerve is primarily responsible for the autonomic control of the bladder?
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What anatomical feature separates the renal pyramids within the kidney?
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Which condition is characterized by the presence of kidney stones?
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What is the significance of the blood supply to the kidneys?
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What type of tissue primarily composes the outer cortex of the kidney?
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Study Notes
Urinary Bladder
- Hollow muscular organ that acts as a reservoir for urine.
- Located abdominopelvic in children and pelvic in adults.
- Becomes abdominopelvic when distended.
- Tetrahedral in shape when empty and ovoid when distended.
- Has an apex, base, three surfaces (superior, two inferolateral - anterior and posterior), three borders (two lateral), and a neck.
- Trigone of the bladder:
- Equilateral triangle on the inner aspect of the bladder base.
- Uvula vesicae: median lobe of prostate near the internal urethral orifice.
- During benign prostatic hypertrophy, the internal urethral orifice narrows, resulting in frequent urination.
- Blood supply:
- Superior vesical artery: branch of the internal iliac artery.
- Inferior vesical artery: branch of the internal iliac artery.
- Obturator artery.
- Inferior gluteal artery.
- In females: branch of the uterine artery.
- Veins correspond to the arteries and drain into the internal iliac vein through a vesical venous plexus along the inferolateral surface of the bladder.
- Nerve supply: Vesical plexus of nerves with both sympathetic and parasympathetic components.
Male Urethra
- Common tubular passage for urine and semen elimination.
- Extends from the internal urethral orifice at the bladder trigone apex to the external urethral orifice near the glans penis tip.
- Total length: 18-20 cm.
- Divided into three parts:
- Prostatic part: runs vertically through the prostate and is the widest and most dilatable.
- Membranous part.
- Spongy part.
- Features of the posterior wall (floor) of the prostatic urethra:
- Urethral crest: median longitudinal mucous fold.
- Colliculus seminalis (Verumontanum): rounded elevation in the middle of the crest with three orifices:
- Prostatic utricle in the middle.
- Ejaculatory duct on each side.
Kidney
- Located retroperitoneally in the posterior abdominal wall, by the side of the vertebral column, between T12 and L3 vertebrae.
- Right kidney is lower than the left due to the liver.
- Left kidney is longer, narrower, and closer to the vertebral column.
Kidney Coverings
- From inside to outside:
- Fibrous capsule (true capsule).
- Perinephric fat (adipose capsule).
- Renal fascia (false, fascia of Gerota).
- Paranephric pad of fat.
- Hold the kidney in position.
- Normal renal mobility is 3cm.
Kidney Presenting Parts
- Two surfaces: anterior and posterior.
- Two borders: lateral and medial (hilum).
- Two ends: upper and lower.
Kidney Structure
- Renal substance: contains outer cortex and inner medulla.
- Renal sinus: space within the kidney extending from the hilum, lined by the renal capsule.
- Contents of the renal sinus: renal vein, renal artery, and renal pelvis.
Renal Medulla
- 8-18 renal pyramids.
- Pyramids: pale striated conical structures with their base towards the cortex and apex towards the renal sinus.
- The apex opens into a minor calyx at the renal papilla.
Renal Cortex
- Granular appearance.
- Contains:
- Renal columns: between adjacent pyramids.
Kidney: Arterial Supply
- Renal arteries (RA): right and left.
- Lateral branch of the abdominal aorta at the level of L1 and L2.
- The right renal artery is shorter than the left renal artery.
Kidney: Renal Vein (RV)
- Located anterior to the RA.
- Opens into the inferior vena cava (IVC).
- The left RV is longer than the right RV:
- Left RV receives the left gonadal and left suprarenal veins before draining into the IVC.
Ureter
- Retroperitoneal muscular tube, approximately 25cm long and 3mm in diameter.
- Function: conveys urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
- Divided into two parts:
- Abdominal part.
- Pelvic part.
Course of Ureter
- Descends along the medial edge of the psoas major muscle in the abdomen.
- Left ureter crosses the common iliac artery at the pelvic brim.
- Runs on the lateral wall of the pelvis, parallel to the anterior margin of the greater sciatic notch.
- Turns forward and medially towards the urinary bladder at the ischial spine.
Applied Anatomy
- Renal and ureteric calculi: renal calculi pass from the kidney to the renal pelvis and ureter, obstructing urinary flow.
- Ureteric calculi cause severe intermittent pain as they are forced down.
- Pain passes inferoanteriorly.
Cystoscopy
- Allows for examination of the bladder interior and its orifices using a cystoscope.
Arterial Supply of the Ureter
- Supplied by branches from:
- Renal artery.
- Gonadal artery.
- Abdominal aorta.
- Common iliac artery.
- For the abdominal part, vessels originating medial to the ureter supply it.
Venous Drainage of the Ureter
- Abdominal part:
- Renal vein.
- Gonadal vein (testicular or ovarian).
- Pelvic part:
- Internal iliac vein.
- Superior vesical vein.
- Uterine and vaginal veins (in females).
- Middle rectal vein.
- Inferior vesical vein (in males).
Lymphatic Drainage of the Kidney
- Lateral aortic nodes.
Nerve Supply of the Kidney
- Sympathetic: T10-L1 (explains referred pain from loin to groin).
- Parasympathetic: vagus.
Arterial Supply of the Prostate and Membranous Parts of the Urethra
- Inferior vesical, middle rectal, and internal pudendal arteries.
Venous Drainage
- Veins correspond to the arteries.
Lymphatic Drainage of the Prostate and Membranous Parts of the Urethra
- Drains into external and internal iliac lymph nodes.
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Description
This quiz covers the key anatomical features of the urinary bladder, including its structure, location, and blood supply. Participants will learn about the bladder's shape, borders, and the implications of conditions such as benign prostatic hypertrophy. Test your knowledge on this essential organ of the urinary system!
