Urinalysis: Composition and Examination
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Urinalysis: Composition and Examination

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Questions and Answers

What is the normal average 24-hour urine volume in adults with normal fluid intake?

  • 1.2-1.5L (correct)
  • 0.5-1L
  • 2-3L
  • 3-5L
  • What is the term for urine output less than 500mL/day?

  • Polyuria
  • Oliguria (correct)
  • Anuria
  • Nocturia
  • What is the normal color of urine due to the presence of?

  • Bilirubin
  • Biliverdin
  • Urochrome (correct)
  • Hemoglobin
  • What can cause cloudiness in normal urine?

    <p>Epithelial cells, mucus, sperm, and prostatic fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for urine output less than 100mL/day?

    <p>Anuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for excessive urination during the night?

    <p>Nocturia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal appearance of urine in terms of transparency?

    <p>Clear or transparent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause abnormally colored urine?

    <p>Pathologic conditions, certain foods, and drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of urine is composed of water?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major nitrogenous end product of protein metabolism?

    <p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal route of excretion for uric acid?

    <p>Urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of high protein diet or conditions associated with increased protein catabolism?

    <p>High urea excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the liver in protein metabolism?

    <p>Converting ammonia into urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the combination of urate with sodium?

    <p>Monosodium urate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of creatinine in the urine?

    <p>Muscle mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of high concentrations of urinary constituents?

    <p>Pathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of collecting a first morning urine specimen?

    <p>Suitable for microscopic examination and routine urinalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is sodium bicarbonate used in urine collection?

    <p>To interfere with other urine constituents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a postprandial urine specimen?

    <p>To measure the level of glucose in the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a midstream clean catch urine specimen?

    <p>Suitable for culture and sensitivity testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a 24-hour urine specimen?

    <p>Used in various renal function tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a catheter collection urine specimen?

    <p>Conducted when a patient is bedridden or cannot urinate independently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do before cleansing your genital area?

    <p>Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a suprapubic aspiration urine specimen?

    <p>For bedridden patients that cannot be catheterized or a sterile specimen is required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do with the used towelettes?

    <p>Discard them in a trash receptacle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of urine specimen is collected at any time during the examination?

    <p>Random urine specimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should you catch the midstream of the urine flow in the collection container?

    <p>After urinating for several seconds into the toilet bowl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do with the specimen container after collecting the urine sample?

    <p>Tightly screw the cap on</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do after collecting the urine sample?

    <p>Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a sterile cleansing towelette?

    <p>To cleanse your genital area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should women squat over the toilet when collecting a midstream urine sample?

    <p>To separate and hold open the folds of the skin in the genital area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with the specimen container after it is collected?

    <p>Promptly give it to the nurse or laboratory personnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal odor of urine?

    <p>Faint aromatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measuring specific gravity of urine?

    <p>To evaluate the concentrating and excretory function of the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of specific gravity of urine?

    <p>1.005 – 1.030</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may cause increased urine specific gravity?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal pH range of urine?

    <p>4.6 – 8.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may cause increased acidity in urine?

    <p>Diabetes, starvation, and a diet high in meat products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why must a urine sample be fresh?

    <p>To ensure accurate pH measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a fixed specific gravity of 1.010?

    <p>Isosthenuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Urine Composition

    • Urine is a complex aqueous mixture consisting of 95% water and 5% dissolved substances.
    • Nitrogenous wastes in urine: urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
    • Other normal solutes in urine: Na+, Cl-, K+, PO34-, SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-.
    • Abnormally high concentrations of any urinary constituents may indicate pathology.

    Urine Composition: Urea

    • Urea is a water-soluble compound, CO(NH2)2, that is the major nitrogenous end product of protein metabolism.
    • Breakdown of proteins by the body, during which amino groups are removed from amino acids and converted into ammonia, which is then converted into urea by the liver.
    • High urea excretion results from high protein diet or conditions associated with an increased protein catabolism (e.g., diabetes mellitus).

    Urine Composition: Uric Acid

    • Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism.
    • 75% of uric acid is excreted in urine by the kidneys, while the remaining 25% is secreted into the gastrointestinal tract.
    • Uric acid exists mainly as urate in synovial fluid and plasma, and can combine with sodium to form monosodium urate crystals.

    Urine Composition: Creatinine

    • Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine and will be excreted by the kidneys in the urine at a constant rate, depending on muscle mass.
    • Creatine is a naturally occurring amino acid found in the muscle.

    Collection and Preservation of Urine Sample

    • Type of urine specimens: first morning, random, postprandial, midstream clean catch, 24-hour, catheter, suprapubic aspiration, and pediatric.
    • Each type of urine specimen has its own specific purpose and collection method.

    FEME Analysis

    • Urinalysis consists of physical observation, chemical analysis, and microscopic examination.
    • FEME Chemistry test uses dipstick method.
    • FEME Microscopic observation examines particles such as cells, bacteria, casts, and crystals.

    Physical Observation

    • Physical properties of urine include: volume, color, transparency, odor, and specific gravity.
    • Normal urine volume: 1.2–1.5L.
    • Abnormalities in urine volume: oliguria, polyuria, anuria, and nocturia.
    • Normal urine color: pale yellow to deep amber.
    • Abnormalities in urine color: due to pathologic conditions, certain foods, and drugs.
    • Normal urine transparency: clear or transparent.
    • Abnormalities in urine transparency: due to epithelial cells, mucus, sperm, prostatic fluid, RBCs, WBCs, or bacteria.
    • Normal urine odor: faint aromatic odor.
    • Abnormalities in urine odor: due to certain metabolites, such as acetone, ammonia, and phenylketonuria.
    • Normal urine specific gravity: 1.005 – 1.030.
    • Abnormalities in urine specific gravity: due to dehydration, diabetes mellitus, proteinuria, overhydration, chronic renal diseases, and renal tubular damage.

    FEME Chemical Observation

    • Chemical properties of urine include: pH, protein, glucose, ketone, blood, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrite, and leukocyte esterase.
    • Normal urine pH range: 4.6 – 8.0 (average 6.0).
    • Abnormalities in urine pH: due to diabetes, starvation, systemic acidosis, or a diet high in meat products and cranberries, and bacteria, urinary tract infection, or a diet high in citrus fruits and vegetables.

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    Description

    Learn about the composition of urine, urine sample collection and preservation, types of urine specimens, and FEME analysis including physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine.

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