Urinalysis Basics and Techniques

<p>Bacterial cystitis with urea-splitting organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of ketones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteinuria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Refractometer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oliguria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased fluid consumption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High urine volume correlates with low specific gravity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pollakiuria is frequent urination, while polyuria is increased urine volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes mellitus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypothyroidism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Struvite (A), Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium Carbonate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bilirubin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uric Acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cystine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leucine and Tyrosine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Struvite (A), Calcium Carbonate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High-protein diet (A), Certain medications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerulonephritis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High protein with low SG indicates more severe protein loss. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of certain medications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>250 mg/dL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes mellitus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Post-renal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physiological proteinuria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urine specific gravity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myoglobinuria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low protein levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Horses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Can be a contaminant from recent breeding or a neutered male (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bladder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dioctophyma renale (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dioctophyma renale (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Round to oval shape with budding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are usually harmless contaminants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To break down red blood cell waste products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incomplete fatty acid metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kidney stones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive exercise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hematuria involves intact red blood cells in the urine, while hemoglobinuria involves free hemoglobin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urobilinogen is a volatile compound that breaks down quickly in light. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The urine sample must be collected at least four hours after the last urination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microscopy allows for the identification of specific bacterial species. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To identify the presence of cells, casts, and crystals in the urine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood that is present in the urine but not visible to the naked eye (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe muscle damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>80% ammonium sulfate precipitation test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates a problem with the liver's ability to process bilirubin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To filter waste products from the blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Factors that affect the amount of urine produced, including water intake and activity level.

A measure of urine concentration; low SG indicates dilute urine, high SG indicates concentrated urine.

Increased urine volume over a 24-hour period; can be due to physiologic or pathologic causes.

Normal increase in urine volume due to factors like increased fluid intake or medications.

Abnormal increase in urine volume caused by diseases like diabetes or renal failure.

Decreased urine volume; can be either a normal response or indicate a health problem.

A condition that can lead to pathologic polyuria due to excess glucose in urine.

A condition leading to excessive urination caused by a lack of antidiuretic hormone.

Normal, clear urine can become cloudy due to bacterial growth, crystals, or contamination.

Strong urine odor is normal in certain species, like cats, goats, and pigs.

A strong ammonia smell in fresh urine may indicate bacterial cystitis.

The weight of urine compared to distilled water, indicating concentration ability of kidneys.

Urine specific gravity similar to plasma, indicating kidneys can't concentrate or dilute.

Indicates dehydration or increased solutes, like protein or glucose.

Lower SG can indicate renal failure, liver disease, or diabetes.

Excessive foam in urine indicates protein presence.

Presence of crystals in urine, often indicating urolithiasis risk.

Crystals formed from magnesium ammonium phosphate, usually in slightly alkaline urine.

Granular precipitate throughout urine, found in alkaline conditions.

Crystals found mainly in acidic to slightly alkaline urine; linked to FLUTD.

Crystals found in acidic urine; common in Dalmatians due to purine metabolism issues.

Found in acidic urine; linked to cystinuria, rare in dogs and cats.

Crystals appearing in acidic to neutral urine, often tied to liver issues.

Presence of bilirubin in acidic urine; normal in dogs, abnormal in others.

Strips used in urinalysis to test chemical components in urine.

Measurement of urine's acidity or alkalinity, influenced by diet.

Normal values are between 5.5 and 7.5 for dogs and cats.

Normal, small amounts of protein in urine due to exertion or stress.

Abnormal protein levels due to medical conditions affecting kidneys.

Presence of glucose in urine, often indicating high blood glucose levels.

Blood glucose level at which glucose spills into urine (~180mg/dL for dogs).

Glucosuria caused by temporary conditions like stress or exercise.

Persistent glucosuria due to conditions like diabetes mellitus.

Glucosuria caused by impaired renal tubule function.

Positive nitrite in urine indicates bacteria presence, often urinary tract infections.

Conditions or substances that can incorrectly indicate glucose in urine.

The need to monitor and not use expired reagent strips for accurate results.

Proper care of dipsticks includes keeping them dry and tightly closed.

Presence in horses is normal; in other species, suggests irritation or contamination.

Common in urine of intact males, recent neutered males, and bred females; usually not significant unless cryptorchid.

Normal in cats; often insignificant and can be due to lubricant contamination during catheterization.

Only significant in catheter or cysto samples; if infection is present, leucocytes or erythrocytes will also be seen.

Rare in veterinary patients; appears colorless and round to oval with budding.

Rare but serious; often contaminants from outside the body, characterized by distinct hyphae and filaments.

Giant kidney worm, the largest nematode, can lead to kidney hypertrophy if untreated; requires surgical removal.

Parasitic organism; can come from prepuce contamination, affecting urinary health.

Bacteria such as E. coli, Proteus spp., and Klebsiella spp. that convert nitrate to nitrite in urine.

Presence of ketone bodies in urine due to fatty acid metabolism.

Decreased carbohydrate intake, defects in metabolism, or liver issues may lead to ketonuria.

High levels of ketones contributing to acidity in the blood.

Presence of bilirubin in urine, a by-product of red blood cells breakdown.

Conditions leading to increased breakdown of RBCs, like hemolytic anemia.

Conditions that affect liver function, leading to bilirubin buildup.

Bile duct obstruction leading to bilirubin accumulation in urine.

A by-product of bilirubin conversion in intestines; small amounts in urine is normal.

For accurate detection, urine must be fresh and protected from light.

Presence of blood in urine, which can be gross or microscopic.

Can be due to cystitis, trauma, urinary calculi, or cancer.

Presence of hemoglobin in urine, indicating RBC destruction.

Presence of myoglobin in urine due to muscle damage.

Use 80% ammonium sulfate precipitation test to distinguish the two.