Urethra and Prostate Gland Anatomy

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Questions and Answers

What is the approximate length of the female urethra?

15 cm

20 cm

4 cm (correct)

10 cm

Which part of the adrenal gland is responsible for secreting adrenaline?

Adrenal Cortex

Adrenal Capsule

Adrenal Cortex Zonula

Adrenal Medulla (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a paired male reproductive structure?

Testes

Epididymis

Seminal vesicles

Penis (correct)

What anatomical issue must be considered during lateral positioning for urologic procedures?

Compression of the vena cava Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical position is typically used for cystoscopy and Trans Urethral procedures?

Lithotomy position Signup and view all the answers

Which gland surrounds the urethra and is divided into four regions?

Prostate gland Signup and view all the answers

In which context must blood replacement be anticipated during urologic surgical procedures?

After extensive tissue dissection in highly vascular areas Signup and view all the answers

What is the length range of the male urethra?

20-25 cm Signup and view all the answers

Why is the left kidney often preferred for removal during transplantation?

The left renal vein is longer than the right. Signup and view all the answers

What is a prerequisite condition for potential organ donors to be considered viable for transplantation?

Duration of uninterrupted oxygenation of less than 5 minutes. Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario are the recipient's native kidneys often not removed during transplantation?

When there is a donor kidney available for immediate implantation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the anastomosis during a kidney transplant?

To connect the donor kidney's arteries and veins to the recipient's blood vessels. Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure is specifically aimed at addressing undescended testicles in pediatric patients?

Orchidopexy Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum hip flexion recommended to prevent nerve injuries during positioning?

90 degrees Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the role of the perioperative nurse during surgery positioning?

The nurse is responsible for applying the patient return electrode pad. Signup and view all the answers

What type of count is performed at the beginning of all urological surgeries?

Major Count Signup and view all the answers

When placing a patient in lithotomy position, what should be ensured about the stirrups?

They must be securely fastened to the bed. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following instruments is NOT required for cystoscopy procedures?

Foley Catheter Signup and view all the answers

What is a major risk associated with removing legs from stirrups after surgery?

Increased lumbosacral muscle strains Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of surgeries does NOT involve the use of a C-arm for intra-operative fluoroscopy?

Cystoscopy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of leaded shields during urological surgeries?

To minimize radiation exposure to critical areas Signup and view all the answers

What type of irrigation system is typically set up for cystoscopy procedures?

Single closed system Signup and view all the answers

During what phase of surgery is a small or minor count conducted?

At closure of the surgical site Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using ureter catheters during surgeries?

To facilitate the identification of structures during pelvic dissections Signup and view all the answers

Which type of irrigation fluid is recommended for use in simple observational cystoscopy?

Normal Saline Signup and view all the answers

What key feature do urological tables possess that differentiates them from standard operating tables?

They allow for X-ray capability and photographic ability. Signup and view all the answers

Why should irrigating fluids be warmed before use in surgeries?

To reduce the risk of hypothermia in the patient Signup and view all the answers

What potential risk is associated with using sterile water during TURP procedures?

Absorption leading to hemolysis of erythrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cystoscopes allows them to perform various procedures beyond simple observational diagnostics?

The wide range of accessories available Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following catheters is NOT commonly used in urological surgeries?

Balloon tip Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of irrigation fluids in bladder surgeries?

To distend the bladder for effective visualization Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario is a clear, nonelectrolytic solution like Sorbitol recommended?

For transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) Signup and view all the answers

What improper outcome may result from inadequate safety precautions during laser procedures?

Potential injury to surgical staff or patient Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of filling the bladder using a Foley catheter during bladder surgery?

To distend the bladder and show its contours Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is typically utilized for diagnostic testing in bladder surgeries?

Transurethral approach Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would a radical cystectomy be indicated?

Tumor invasion of the muscular wall of the bladder Signup and view all the answers

What is created to act as a new reservoir for urine after a cystectomy?

Ileal conduit Signup and view all the answers

What common condition could necessitate ureteral surgery?

Urinary tract obstruction due to stones Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical method is employed to remove stones from the ureter using minimal invasive techniques?

Lithotripsy probe Signup and view all the answers

What technique is used when the stone cannot be removed using a lithotripsy probe?

ESWL (Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy) Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT included in the total excision during a radical cystectomy?

Urethra Signup and view all the answers

What alternative is created for urine storage in the case of a continent ileostomy?

Kock pouch Signup and view all the answers

What is a common indication for performing ureterotomy in ureteral surgeries?

To excise ureter stones that cannot be removed via other methods Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Urethra

Male urethra measures 20-25 cm, while female urethra measures approximately 4 cm, increasing UTI risk.
Urethra serves as the pathway for cystoscopies, Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP), and ureteric stent insertions.

Prostate Gland

Donut-shaped gland located at the bladder neck, fully encircling the urethra.
Divided into four glandular regions: intraurethral lobes (left and right lateral) and extraurethral lobes (posterior and median).

Male Reproductive Organs

Paired structures include testes, epididymis, seminal ducts, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, and Cowper’s glands.
Singular structures include penis and scrotum.

Adrenal Glands

Found retroperitoneally; consists of two parts: the adrenal cortex and medulla.
Adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline; adrenal cortex secretes steroids and hormones regulated by the pituitary gland.
Blood supply includes the same as kidneys plus inferior phrenic artery branches.

Perioperative Nursing Considerations

Anatomic positioning can affect vena cava and lung compression; careful lab and electrolyte monitoring is crucial due to irrigation fluid use.
Blood transfusion may be required post extensive tissue dissection; pre- and post-operative assurance of blood products is necessary.

Patient Positioning

Patient positioning dependent on surgical type: supine, Trendelenburg, lithotomy, or lateral.
Collaboration with surgical teams is essential to ensure safe positioning and support.
Caution required to prevent nerve injuries during lithotomy positioning; legs should be lowered slowly post-surgery to adjust hemodynamics.

Instrumentation and Counting

GU surgeries may use open, minimally invasive (MIS), or combined approaches.
Cystoscopy requires a closed irrigation system and minimal counts; no count necessary for cystoscopic procedures.
Open and laparoscopic procedures require extensive instruments and major counts at various surgical stages.

Equipment

Intra-operative fluoroscopy requires patient protection from radiation using lead shields.
Various catheters like open-ended and whistle tip are used for specific surgeries.
Irrigation fluids, like normal saline, distilled water, or isotonic solutions, are essential for surgical procedures involving the bladder.

Bladder Surgery

Bladder surgeries include open abdominal and transurethral approaches depending on the condition.
TUR of bladder tumors removes lesions via a resectoscope.
Radical cystectomy involves total removal of the bladder, creating an ileal conduit or continent ileostomy for urine diversion.

Ureteral Surgery

Common causes for surgery include stones, infections, and tumors that obstruct urinary flow.
Lithotripsy used for non-invasive stone removal; ureterotomy may be done for stones that cannot be excised through MIS.
Left kidney usually preferred for transplantation due to longer renal vein.

Transplant Considerations

Ideal cadaveric donors are young, infection/cancer-free, normotensive, and monitored for brain death criteria; Donation after Cardiac Death (DCD) also applicable.
Live transplant recipients often maintain native kidneys; anastomosis of donor kidney vessels to recipient’s vessels required during transplant.

Testicular Surgeries

Hydrocelectomy involves excision of fluid accumulation in the testis via scrotal incision.
Orchidopexy fixes undescended testicles; orchiectomy involves removal of one or both testicles.
Radical lymphadenectomy entails bilateral removal of retroperitoneal lymph nodes around renal arteries and aorta.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the anatomy and function of the urethra and prostate gland. It covers the differences between male and female urethra and relevant medical procedures involving the urethra. Test your knowledge on urinary anatomy and associated health implications.