Urbanisation et Mondialisation

Urbanisation and Globalization

• Urbanization: Increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas. A process of population increase in cities. The movement of people from rural to urban areas.

• Globalization: Interconnectedness and interdependence of economies, cultures, and societies across the globe. A multi-faceted process.

Definitions

• 3T: Talent, Technology, Tolerance. The core of interactions between public, private, civil society, and universities.

• Axe: A geographical and economic line connecting important regions or cities, facilitating the flow of goods, services, and people.

• Agglomeration: A cluster of dwellings where no dwelling is more than 200 meters apart in Europe, or 500 meters in newer countries where settlements are less dense.

• Natural input: The number of births within an urban population of a given country.

• Attractiveness: The characteristic of something appealing.

• Adaptation to Environment: The changing traits of a species in response to environmental alterations. This enables survival.

• Shantytown: A district or area of temporary, often poor-quality housing, often informal, with limited access to public services. Commonly found in developing countries.

• Shantytown growth: The spreading of shantytowns around large cities, often due to rural migration and population growth.

• BRICS: An economic grouping of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Aims for economic and political cooperation.

• Capitalism: Economic system centered on private ownership of production means and profit. Relies on free enterprise, competition, and investment for value creation.

• Capital: Financial or economic resources used for productive activities, investments, or trade. Can be private, public, national, or foreign.

Other Concepts

• Center-Periphery: Geographical and economic model where centers (cities, regions) hold resources, power, and opportunities; less developed areas (peripheries) rely on them.

• Business District Centre (CBD): The heart of a city's business district in major American cities. This area holds significant financial activity.

• Triangular Trade: A historical trading route involving Europe, Africa, and America, particularly the slave trade. Traded goods include textiles, weapons, and people (enslaved Africans).

• Population Growth: Difference in population at the beginning and end of a period. Usually one year.

• Conurbation: A large metropolitan area formed by the merging of previously separated urban centers.

• Centrifugal: Outward movement of economic and social forces from a central area.

• De-localization: The transfer of manufacturing, service, or other business activities to another country from a developed country, often to reduce costs.

• Development: Socioeconomic transformation aimed at improving quality of life, raising incomes, and providing basic services.

• Deregulation: Reduction or removal of government rules to promote competition.

• Edge City: A new type of city appearing on the outer edges of large metropolitan areas, featuring commerce, housing, and relatively little population density.

• Economy of the World: The global structure organized around economic powers with interconnected interactions.

• Evolution of Species: Species traits evolve through selection, not necessarily to fit the environment, but based on opportunities.

• Bourgeoisie: The social class characterized by business ownership rather than manual labor. Includes attitudes and cultural traits.

• Rural exodus: Large-scale movement of people from rural areas to urban ones for economic opportunity.

• Urban Area: A space where buildings, roads, etc. are the dominant features. The boundaries may be political or administrative.

• Peri-urban Space: Areas at the edge of cities where urban and rural aspects blend.

• Urban Sprawl: The expansion of cities outward with little planning or control.

• Explosion Urban: Rapid increase in urban population.

• Transnational Firm (TNC): Company with operations in multiple countries.

• Flow: The movement of goods, money, people, information, or services internationally.

• Digital Divide: Unequal access to technology and information, often associated with socioeconomic factors.

• Social Divide: Inequality in economic, educational, and cultural opportunities between social groups.

• Urban Divide: Inequality in resources, facilities, and living conditions between different urban areas.

• Fragmentation Socio-Spatial: Growing separation of social classes within cities.

• Rural Fringe: Areas on the outskirts of cities where rural activities still dominate.

• Secured Communities: Residential areas with high security measures, primarily intended for wealthy residents.

• Gentrification: Transformation of a poor or working-class neighborhood into an affluent one, often leading to displacement of previous residents.

• Globalisation: The process of increasing interconnectedness and interdependence between countries around the world.

• Governmental Actions: Policies to control or restrict capital flow.

• Economic History: Analyzing the development of commerce over long periods.

• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Investment in an overseas business by someone or an entity from another country. Often, to expand an existing operation.

• Internationalization: The process of opening borders to increase interaction.

• Industrialization: The transition from agrarian societies to industrial ones, emphasizing manufacturing production.

• Investment: Allocating capital resources in projects to generate profits.

• Liberalism: Economic doctrine emphasizing minimal government involvement and free markets.

• Free Trade: Removing barriers to international commerce.

• Marketising Territory: The promotion of a territory to attract investors.

• Megalopolis: Large urban region encompassing multiple connected cities.

• Megalopolis Archipelagic World: Concept of interconnected global cities as an archipelago of influence.

• Megacity/Megalopolis: A major urban area (usually over 10 million inhabitants) extending over many administrative borders or political units.

• Metropolitan Area: A heavily populated region with a major city at its center, extending into multiple regions.

• Metropolisation: The concentration of population and economic activity within metropolitan areas.

• Mercantilism: A historical economic system emphasizing trade and the accumulation of wealth by a nation through national/colonial control.

• Globalisation: A multifaceted expansion of global interconnectedness and interdependence.

• New Industrial Countries (NICs): Developing countries experiencing rapid industrialisation and economic growth.

• New City/Planned City: Newly developed and created city with purpose-built infrastructure.

• Neighborhood/Urban Core: The central, older part of a city.

• World System Theory: A framework focusing on the global economic structure. The world is divided among dominant and dependent nations. Nations that have control over markets are dominant.

• International Trade Organizations (WTO/OMC): Institutions that facilitate and regulate world trade.

• Opening Up: The deliberate reduction of trade barriers intended to increase international engagement.

• Urbanization Rate: Percentage of a nation's population who reside in urban environments.

• Demographic Transition: A model explaining the changing patterns of population growth.

• Thalassocentrism: The development of culture or society centered on the sea.