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Questions and Answers
What is urbanisation?
Movement of people from rural areas to more urban areas (cities and towns)
What are some health benefits of urbanisation?
Better access to health care, housing, water & sanitation, nutrition, education, and employment
Which of the following are health challenges associated with urbanisation? (Select all that apply)
What is the definition of physical trauma according to the WHO?
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Which of the following are types of force classified under trauma? (Select all that apply)
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What does DALY stand for?
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A person injured at age 55, living 5 years with a disability before dying at age 60, loses ________ DALYs.
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Study Notes
Overview of Urbanisation and Health in South Africa
- Urbanisation refers to the movement from rural areas to urban centers, increasing population density in specific geographic regions.
- Global and South African urban population statistics highlight significant concentrations of people living in cities and towns, influencing health.
Benefits of Urbanisation
- Enhanced access to healthcare services improves overall health outcomes.
- Better housing, sanitation, and water supply lead to healthier living conditions.
- Urban areas provide improved nutrition, educational opportunities, and employment options.
- Urbanisation promotes rapid socioeconomic status (SES) improvements for individuals and families.
Health Challenges of Urbanisation
- Cultural shifts and family structure breakdowns contribute to mental health issues like isolation, stress, and substance use disorders.
- Increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, due to changes in sexual behavior.
- Higher rates of crime and violence often emerge in densely populated areas.
Impact on Infectious Diseases
- Increased population density facilitates the spread of infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB), especially in developing regions with poor housing.
Lifestyle and Environmental Changes
- A rise in non-communicable diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, and cardiac issues, is linked to sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy dietary habits.
- Urban pollution exacerbates respiratory issues, causing higher prevalence and severity of asthma symptoms.
Understanding Trauma and Motor Vehicle Crashes (MVCs)
- Trauma is defined as physical injury resulting from exposure to intolerable levels of energy, leading to impairments in bodily functions.
- Trauma excludes injuries from chronic conditions like back pain or work-related disabilities.
Causes and Classifications of Trauma
- Hazards leading to trauma can be classified as mechanical (car accidents), thermal (fire), electrical (lightning), chemical (poisons), or radiant (explosions).
- Trauma classification can be based on the location of damage, severity of injury, demographic factors (age and gender), types of force involved, and intent (unintentional vs. intentional).
Types of Trauma
- Unintentional trauma includes natural disasters, household accidents, and motor vehicle crashes (MVCs).
- Intentional trauma encompasses interpersonal violence (such as homicide) and self-harm (e.g., suicide).
Global Epidemiology of Trauma
- The impact of trauma on global health is often measured using Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs).
- DALYs quantify the burden of disease by combining years of life lost due to premature death and years lived with disability, providing a comprehensive view of health impact.
Understanding Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)
- Example of DALY calculation: A person injured at age 55, living with a disability for 5 years (20% disability weight), and dying at 60, loses 20% of those 5 years plus full life years lost thereafter, reflecting the cumulative health burden.
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Description
This quiz explores the relationship between urbanisation and health in South Africa, examining both the benefits and challenges posed by increased urban migration. It covers how urbanisation impacts access to healthcare, living conditions, and social structures, as well as associated health risks. Test your knowledge on the implications of urban growth on public health.
