31 Questions
What is the most evident characteristic of urban climate?
Increased land surface temperature
How can UHI effects be significantly mitigated?
Improvement of energy efficiency
What do UHI effects influence in urban ecological systems?
Material flow and energy flow
What methods have been used for research on the ecological and environmental effects of UHI?
Remote sensing technology and numerical simulation methods
What is recognized as a measure for significantly mitigating UHI effects?
Energy efficiency improvement
What is the primary cause of UHI effect?
Urban construction and human activities
What do UHI effects alter in urban ecological systems?
Material flow and energy flow
What is the role of tissue thromboplastin in coagulation tests?
It activates the extrinsic coagulation pathway
What can compromise the results of coagulation tests other than PT/INR and PTT/aPTT?
Tissue thromboplastin
What should be done if a coagulation test other than PT/INR or PTT/aPTT is the first or only tube collected?
A few milliliters of blood should be drawn into a nonadditive tube before the collection
What is the purpose of using a clear or discard tube in blood collection?
To remove tissue fluid from the needle before sample collection
What is the suggested action regarding tissue thromboplastin if the draw involves a lot of needle manipulation?
It may compromise results of coagulation tests
When should a nonadditive tube be used in blood collection for coagulation testing?
When a coagulation test other than PT/INR or PTT/aPTT is the first or only tube collected
Which substance present in tissue fluid can interfere with coagulation tests by activating the extrinsic coagulation pathway?
Tissue thromboplastin
What should be done if a coagulation test other than PT/INR or PTT/aPTT is the first or only tube collected?
Use a nonadditive tube for collection
Which tube is used to remove tissue fluid from the needle and is then thrown away during blood collection for coagulation testing?
Clear or discard tube
What may compromise the results of coagulation tests other than PT/INR and PTT/aPTT?
Presence of tissue thromboplastin
When can tissue thromboplastin pose a clinically significant problem for coagulation tests?
When the draw involves a lot of needle manipulation
In which type of blood collection should a few milliliters of blood be drawn into a nonadditive tube before collecting for coagulation testing?
Routine blood collection
What is the primary purpose of using a clear or discard tube in blood collection for coagulation testing?
To remove tissue thromboplastin from the needle
How do different Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) types interact with solar energy?
They have unique interactions due to optical properties such as absorption, reflection, and emission of radiometric energy
What is the primary cause of the urban heat island (UHI) effect?
Elevated temperatures in developed areas compared to more rural surroundings
What characteristic is most evident of urban climate due to the urban heat island effect?
Elevated temperatures in urban areas compared to rural surroundings
Why are blood culture tubes collected first in the order of draw?
To ensure optimal sterility of the collection site
What is the primary reason for special site-cleaning measures prior to blood culture collection?
To prevent contamination of the specimen by skin microorganisms
Why do blood cultures not often factor into the sequence of collection for other tests?
They require separate collection procedures
What is the significance of using sterile blood culture tubes or bottles?
To prevent microbial contamination of the specimen
Why are blood culture tubes collected first in the order of draw?
To ensure that they are collected when sterility of the site is optimal and to prevent microbial contamination of the needle from the unsterile tops of tubes used to collect other tests
What is the significance of using sterile blood culture tubes or bottles for collection?
To prevent contamination of the specimen by microorganisms that are normally found on the skin
What may compromise the results of coagulation tests other than PT/INR and PTT/aPTT?
Contamination with tissue fluid
When should a nonadditive tube be used in blood collection for coagulation testing?
To remove tissue fluid from the needle before collecting for coagulation testing
Study Notes
Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect
- The primary cause of the UHI effect is the urbanization of land surfaces, leading to a characteristic urban climate.
- The most evident characteristic of urban climate due to the UHI effect is the elevated temperature in urban areas compared to rural areas.
- UHI effects influence urban ecological systems by altering local microclimates, biodiversity, and ecosystem processes.
- Methods used for research on the ecological and environmental effects of UHI include field measurements, remote sensing, and modeling.
Mitigating UHI Effects
- Recognized measures for significantly mitigating UHI effects include increasing vegetation, using cool materials, and improving urban planning and design.
Blood Collection and Coagulation Tests
Coagulation Tests
- Tissue thromboplastin can interfere with coagulation tests by activating the extrinsic coagulation pathway.
- Factors that can compromise the results of coagulation tests other than PT/INR and PTT/aPTT include tissue thromboplastin, needle manipulation, and improper tube collection.
- In cases where a coagulation test other than PT/INR or PTT/aPTT is the first or only tube collected, a nonadditive tube should be used.
Blood Collection Procedures
- A clear or discard tube is used to remove tissue fluid from the needle and is then thrown away during blood collection for coagulation testing.
- The primary purpose of using a clear or discard tube is to prevent tissue thromboplastin from interfering with coagulation tests.
- Blood culture tubes should be collected first in the order of draw to minimize contamination risk.
- Special site-cleaning measures are necessary prior to blood culture collection to prevent contamination.
- Sterile blood culture tubes or bottles should be used for collection to prevent contamination.
Test your knowledge about the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, a phenomenon of heat accumulation in urban areas due to construction and human activities, leading to environmental and ecological impacts on urban climates and hydrologic systems.
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