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Questions and Answers
What is a primary consequence of decreased evapotranspiration in urban areas?
What is a primary consequence of decreased evapotranspiration in urban areas?
How does the canyon geometry of urban settings affect heat retention?
How does the canyon geometry of urban settings affect heat retention?
What effect does increased thermal admittance of construction materials have in urban environments?
What effect does increased thermal admittance of construction materials have in urban environments?
What is one of the impacts of air pollution in urban areas concerning heat dynamics?
What is one of the impacts of air pollution in urban areas concerning heat dynamics?
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Which factor primarily limits radiative cooling at night in urban settings?
Which factor primarily limits radiative cooling at night in urban settings?
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What is a characteristic that distinguishes a planet?
What is a characteristic that distinguishes a planet?
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Which of the following is not considered a terrestrial planet?
Which of the following is not considered a terrestrial planet?
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What primary process is responsible for mountain building and earthquakes?
What primary process is responsible for mountain building and earthquakes?
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The Acasta gneiss is significant for being dated at how many billion years?
The Acasta gneiss is significant for being dated at how many billion years?
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What defines the periods when analyzing the geological time scale?
What defines the periods when analyzing the geological time scale?
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What direction does the Coriolis force deflect moving objects in the northern hemisphere?
What direction does the Coriolis force deflect moving objects in the northern hemisphere?
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Which of the following is an exogenic process?
Which of the following is an exogenic process?
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Where is the Coriolis force weakest?
Where is the Coriolis force weakest?
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How is geological time divided for ease of understanding?
How is geological time divided for ease of understanding?
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Which factor primarily influences the strength of the Coriolis force?
Which factor primarily influences the strength of the Coriolis force?
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What primarily powers the motion of air, water, and ice in exogenic processes?
What primarily powers the motion of air, water, and ice in exogenic processes?
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At what altitude does the friction force start to become negligible?
At what altitude does the friction force start to become negligible?
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Geostrophic winds occur in which condition?
Geostrophic winds occur in which condition?
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What effect does friction have on surface winds?
What effect does friction have on surface winds?
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What causes local winds?
What causes local winds?
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What primarily drives the creation of valley winds during the day?
What primarily drives the creation of valley winds during the day?
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During the day, which surface experiences higher pressure in a sea breeze system?
During the day, which surface experiences higher pressure in a sea breeze system?
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What is anthropogenic climate change primarily characterized by?
What is anthropogenic climate change primarily characterized by?
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What is the primary result of the balance between the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force?
What is the primary result of the balance between the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force?
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What effect does a rough surface have on friction forces?
What effect does a rough surface have on friction forces?
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Which of the following is NOT a basic human need for survival mentioned in the content?
Which of the following is NOT a basic human need for survival mentioned in the content?
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How is climate change defined in relation to weather patterns?
How is climate change defined in relation to weather patterns?
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What distinguishes weather from climate?
What distinguishes weather from climate?
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What type of winds occur at night due to cold air flowing down steep slopes?
What type of winds occur at night due to cold air flowing down steep slopes?
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What does the term 'gridded climate products' refer to?
What does the term 'gridded climate products' refer to?
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Which statement about climate change is true?
Which statement about climate change is true?
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What characterizes low-viscosity magma?
What characterizes low-viscosity magma?
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What type of volcano is characterized by steep slopes and explosive eruptions?
What type of volcano is characterized by steep slopes and explosive eruptions?
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Where are shield volcanoes typically found?
Where are shield volcanoes typically found?
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What defines a caldera?
What defines a caldera?
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Which of the following features is specifically associated with composite volcanoes?
Which of the following features is specifically associated with composite volcanoes?
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What is a common misconception about cinder cone volcanoes?
What is a common misconception about cinder cone volcanoes?
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What type of magma is typically found in subduction zones?
What type of magma is typically found in subduction zones?
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What is a key characteristic of basaltic lava?
What is a key characteristic of basaltic lava?
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What type of rocks primarily form from the cooling and solidification of magma?
What type of rocks primarily form from the cooling and solidification of magma?
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Which process describes the formation of sedimentary rocks?
Which process describes the formation of sedimentary rocks?
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What type of metamorphism occurs over large areas and is typically associated with tectonic forces?
What type of metamorphism occurs over large areas and is typically associated with tectonic forces?
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Which two types of igneous rocks are primarily differentiated by their formation location?
Which two types of igneous rocks are primarily differentiated by their formation location?
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How do plates in the Earth's crust move relative to each other?
How do plates in the Earth's crust move relative to each other?
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Which type of plate boundary involves two plates moving away from each other?
Which type of plate boundary involves two plates moving away from each other?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of foliated metamorphic rocks?
Which of the following is a characteristic of foliated metamorphic rocks?
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Which theory proposed by Alfred Wegener explains the movement of continents over geological time?
Which theory proposed by Alfred Wegener explains the movement of continents over geological time?
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What is the Wilson Cycle primarily associated with?
What is the Wilson Cycle primarily associated with?
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What kind of rock forms when existing rock undergoes transformation due to heat and pressure?
What kind of rock forms when existing rock undergoes transformation due to heat and pressure?
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Study Notes
Microclimates and Atmospheric Circulation
- Urban environments differ from surrounding areas, often significantly warmer.
- Dusk domes form around cities, trapping heat.
- Urban environments use hotter materials, impacting surrounding temperatures.
- Vegetation's cooling effects are reduced in urban areas.
- More sensible heat is available in urban areas while latent heat transfer is reduced.
Urban Heat Island
- Cities are often significantly warmer than nearby rural areas, sometimes by as much as 5°C.
- Physical characteristics of urban areas (like asphalt, glass, and building geometry) contribute to increased heat.
- Human activities generate significant heat pollution.
- Urban planners aim to mitigate the negative effects of the urban heat island.
- Urban heat island effect is becoming more pronounced with climate change.
- The increased temperatures affect air and water quality.
Strategies for Reducing the Urban Heat Island Effect
- Strategies are employed to offset the undesirable effects of the urban heat island.
- They involve using techniques that reflect or absorb less heat from building materials/urban space design.
- More green spaces and efficient urban planning can be implemented.
- Incorporating water management and reflective surface.
Summary of Causes for Altered Budget Terms
- Increased absorption of shortwave radiation.
- Increased long-wave radiation from the sky (due to pollution).
- Decreased long-wave radiation loss (due to pollution).
- Anthropogenic heat sources (human-made heat).
- Reduced evapotranspiration.
- Increased heat storage in materials
- Reduced turbulent heat transport from canyon geometry
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Description
Explore the concepts of urban heat islands and microclimates in this quiz. Understand how urban environments differ in temperature from rural areas and the impact of human activities and materials on these differences. Learn about the strategies being implemented to mitigate these effects in the face of climate change.
