Urban Geography and Planning Concepts

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Questions and Answers

Which factor primarily drove the initial growth of cities mentioned in the content?

  • Capital investment from Cold War spending
  • Government policies promoting decentralization
  • Regional trade focused on specific manufactured goods (correct)
  • Worldwide trade of any products

What is the key difference between a 'greenfield site' and a 'brownfield site' in the context of capitalist development?

  • Greenfield sites are owned by the government, while brownfield sites are privately owned.
  • Greenfield sites are new, undeveloped land, while brownfield sites are previously developed, potentially polluted industrial areas. (correct)
  • Greenfield sites are located in urban areas, while brownfield sites are in rural areas.
  • Greenfield sites are used for residential development, while brownfield sites are used for industrial development.

How did Fordism influence patterns of consumption during the 20th century?

  • It primarily focused on military production, limiting consumer goods.
  • It led to a decrease in wages, reducing the ability of people to consume.
  • It linked mass production to mass consumption, making goods more accessible. (correct)
  • It discouraged mass consumption in favor of specialized production.

Why did manufacturing increasingly move overseas, contributing to deindustrialization in regions like the US Midwest?

<p>Offshoring allowed for cheaper transit combined with structural adjustment programs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central idea behind 'path-dependent urban development'?

<p>Urban development follows spatial patterns reflecting infrastructure and institutional requirements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of urban planning, what is the key distinction between equality and equity?

<p>Equality focuses on providing the same resources to everyone, while equity focuses on ensuring everyone has equal outcomes by addressing differing needs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept does the 'international division of labor' describe within the context of urban geography and planning?

<p>The uneven valuing of labor across different geographic locations, exploited by corporations seeking cheaper labor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'accumulation' relate to urban development under a capitalist system?

<p>It is the drive to amass capital, often by exploiting social relationships between wealthier and poorer classes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key question is raised in the context of the Six Nations vs. Caledonia (2006) conflict regarding urban planning?

<p>Whose interests planning should respect, particularly in relation to land rights and sovereignty. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the OPPI Code of Practice, what is the primary goal that planners should strive for?

<p>Planning for the public interest. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major challenge in defining and implementing 'the public interest' in urban planning?

<p>The difficulty in reconciling conflicting interests among diverse groups within the 'public'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'justice' differ from 'equality' and 'equity' in the context of urban planning?

<p>Justice involves addressing the root causes and structures that perpetuate inequality, while equality and equity address symptoms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the statement that urban development is 'restless'?

<p>Urban areas are continuously evolving and undergoing change. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a primary goal of Haussmannization in Paris?

<p>To facilitate military control and reduce barricade construction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant critique of Haussmannization during its implementation?

<p>It led to the displacement of residents and destruction of neighborhoods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Urban Reform Movement primarily address the issues of industrial cities?

<p>By implementing regulations and policies to improve housing and sanitation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivated wealthy and elite individuals to participate in the Urban Reform Movement?

<p>Concerns about potential disease outbreaks and social unrest. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did Jacob Riis's "How the Other Half Lives" have on urban reform?

<p>It exposed the harsh living conditions in slums, shocking the elites and prompting reform. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical change was introduced by the 1901 Tenement House Act?

<p>The requirement for better airflow and light in tenement buildings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a frequent criticism of the solutions imposed by urban reformers?

<p>They often prioritized aesthetics and social control over genuinely helping the poor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying goal was often associated with the focus on the "highest and best use of land" during urban reform?

<p>Maximizing profitability and economic development in the city. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a primary driver for the development of early cities?

<p>The implementation of advanced sanitation systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key change characterized the shift from the Middle Ages to the early modern era (1500s-1700s) regarding urbanization?

<p>The emergence of more cities due to the Scientific Revolution and the rise of modern nation-states. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Enlightenment philosophies contribute to colonialism, despite promoting ideas of liberty and equality?

<p>Philosophies, such as John Locke's, were used to justify the appropriation of Indigenous territories. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of merchant capitalism?

<p>Wealth accumulation through trade. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crucial process was required for the rise of industrial capitalism and rapid urbanization?

<p>Proletarianization - turning people into 'free labor' by removing their means of subsistence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the Enclosure Acts in England?

<p>Drove urbanization by forcing people to seek work in cities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three key features that define capitalism?

<p>Private enterprise, market exchange, a bank-money system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did industrial cities reflect class segregation during the first wave of urbanization?

<p>Housing quality and access to resources varied greatly, with wealthier residents living uphill and upwind from factories. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary distinction between the first and second waves of urbanization?

<p>The first wave saw less overall movement of people to cities than the second (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did racism play in settler colonialism, as seen in Canada?

<p>Racist ideologies provided justification to 'settle' the land and establish territorial control. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was an important outcome of cities developing?

<p>Provided social organization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of Early Urban planning?

<p>Miletus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect id the trans-atlantic slave trade have?

<p>Devastating impacts on enslaved people (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the relationship between colonialism and industry?

<p>Colonialism grew and expanded with industry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are the key classes in Capitalism?

<p>Bourgeois and Proletariat (A), Capitalist and Worker (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Before European colonization, what primary strategy supported thriving Indigenous communities in Canada?

<p>Application of traditional ecological knowledge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a primary concern of European colonial settlement planning in Canada?

<p>Preservation of Indigenous settlement patterns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of colonial infrastructure projects, such as forts, ports, canals and railways, on the Canadian landscape?

<p>A lasting impact on the morphology of settlements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The urban reform movements emerged in response to what conditions?

<p>Congestion in industrial cities and exploitation of resources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key concept did the Commission of Conservation emphasize in relation to town planning?

<p>Conservation of life and economy through land development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Early planning acts in Canada were considered 'tame' because:

<p>Planning commissions had no force in law. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common feature of early planning acts in Canada concerning property rights?

<p>Property owners could seek compensation if their land was negatively affected. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguished the Town Planning Institute of Canada (TPIC) from previous planning efforts?

<p>It marked the formal beginning of the planning profession in Canada. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the 1920s, what was a prevalent focus of the new planning professionals in Canada?

<p>Campaigning for town planning and promoting zoning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What planning activity became increasingly important in the 1920s, reflecting concerns about urban growth?

<p>Traffic planning and road widening. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Great Depression impact the Town Planning Institute of Canada (TPIC)?

<p>It ceased operations due to lack of funds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following initiatives emerged during the Depression era and focused on regional planning?

<p>The Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the “Social Planning for Canada” manifesto during the Depression?

<p>Analyzing social conditions and proposing social welfare programs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Second World War affect industrial activity and employment in Canada?

<p>It resulted in a surge in industrial production and full employment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did the federal government take during the Second World War in anticipation of the post-war period?

<p>Established an Advisory Committee on Post-War Reconstruction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key principle underpinned the policy changes related to sustainable development in the late 1980s?

<p>The broad idea of balancing economic growth with environmental protection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994 primarily affect manufacturing industries in Central Canada?

<p>It caused industrial restructuring and plant closures due to the removal of protective tariffs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary characteristic of government policies during the neoliberal era of the 1990s?

<p>Reductions in government size through downsizing and privatization of public assets. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguished Smart Growth policies from previous urban planning approaches?

<p>Integration of inner-city renewal, suburban retrofitting, and regional infrastructure planning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the initial planning efforts to address climate change?

<p>Moderating the growth of greenhouse gases through national and international efforts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding from the large-scale studies conducted by the returning Healthy Communities movement in the new millennium?

<p>Automobile-dependent suburbs contributed to obesity and were difficult environments for the aging population. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Healthy Cities movement demonstrate a shift in understanding population health in 1986?

<p>By recognizing the significant impact of a good physical environment and supportive community on health and well-being. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of neoliberal policies regarding unused public assets?

<p>Divestment of assets like military bases and railway yards to promote private redevelopment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the New Urbanism movement influence suburban planning during the 1990s?

<p>Its principles for community design gradually influenced suburban plans, improving planning indicator outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the second round of planning for resilient cities that emerged?

<p>A response to new weather extremes and their impact on urban infrastructure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the core principle behind utopian communities?

<p>Establishing a society based on communal sharing and socialist ideals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Robert Owen's approach to utopianism differ from that of Charles Fourier?

<p>Owen prioritized education and child rearing within a communal setting, while Fourier envisioned worker-centered villages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary inspiration behind the City Beautiful movement?

<p>The overcrowded and aesthetically uninspiring conditions of existing cities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which architectural style was most prominently featured in the City Beautiful movement?

<p>Beaux Arts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key element of Daniel Burnham's plan for Chicago?

<p>Designing larger and wider streets in place of the original smaller streets. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Ebenezer Howard's main objective in proposing the Garden City concept?

<p>To achieve a balance between town and country, incorporating the best aspects of both. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best summarizes Clarence Perry's Neighbourhood Unit Concept?

<p>A planned community within a larger city, organized around a local school and designed to control traffic flow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main design innovation of the Radburn plan?

<p>Prioritizing pedestrian traffic by segregating it from vehicular traffic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the concept of settler colonialism?

<p>A permanent occupation in which colonizers seek sovereign power and establish governing authority on a pre-existing society's territory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the concept of terra nullius impact Indigenous land rights in Canada?

<p>It justified the takeover of Indigenous lands by asserting they were empty and unproductive. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge in current planning practices that hinders the prioritization of equity, as indicated by the content?

<p>The disguising of equity goals as efficiency or economic benefits, leading to a lack of direct focus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did surveying play in the process of settler colonialism in Canada?

<p>Surveying facilitated the creation of private property parcels and the distribution of land to settlers and companies, dispossessing Indigenous people. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is most likely to contribute to a stronger equity orientation in local comprehensive plans?

<p>A strong public participation process that actively involves community members. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Dominion Land Survey?

<p>To divide land into sections for distribution to settlers and railway companies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the 1763 Royal Proclamation?

<p>It formalized the process of treaty negotiations between the British Crown and Indigenous peoples, recognizing Indigenous title. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a planner adopting an advocacy planning approach critique modernist planning?

<p>Modernist planning often leads to technocratic superiority and disregards community concerns. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of “Dish with One Spoon” reflect pre-colonial Indigenous planning principles:

<p>It signifies a commitment to sustainable sharing of the land and resources among politically distinct peoples. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary argument of advocacy planning regarding the role of planners?

<p>Planners should actively work with disadvantaged groups to develop alternative plans. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of land use planning, what does it mean to say that planning is 'redistributive'?

<p>Planning involves the allocation of public resources and arrangements of land uses that create both costs and benefits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between planning and settler colonialism?

<p>Planning has been used as a tool to establish and perpetuate settler colonial power. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the relationship between advocacy and equity planning?

<p>Equity planning evolved from advocacy planning, incorporating a stronger analytical approach to develop equity policies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major critique of rational comprehensive planning from an advocacy planning perspective?

<p>It claims a position of technocratic superiority, potentially ignoring community voices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What recommendation aligns with the principles of contemporary equity planning?

<p>Identifying vulnerable people and geographic areas to address specific equity issues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be a key consideration when implementing land use changes to promote equity?

<p>Ensuring future land use changes are transparent to the public. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did urban renewal projects during the era of modernism come into conflict with advocacy planning principles?

<p>Urban renewal projects often resulted in the destruction of communities and displacement of residents, conflicting with advocacy for disadvantaged groups. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary goal was the Department of Regional Economic Expansion (DREE) established to achieve in 1969?

<p>To foster diversified development in economically disadvantaged regions of Canada. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did CMHC's approach to housing programs evolve in the 1970s, influenced by Jane Jacobs’ ideas?

<p>A shift towards rehabilitation programs like RRAP and NIP, focusing on existing housing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key purpose did the Community Planning Association of Canada (CPAC), founded by CMHC in 1946, serve?

<p>To promote planning ideas and provide a forum for various stakeholders to discuss planning issues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred in Ontario's planning framework with the revised planning act of 1946?

<p>The establishment of the 'official plan' to guide municipal development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept gained traction during the 'Consolidation and Confrontation' era (1965-1980) related to citizen involvement in urban planning?

<p>Advocacy planning, emphasizing community input and transparency in planning processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the revival of the Town Planning Institute in 1952 impact the planning profession in Canada?

<p>It revitalized the professional network and collaboration among planners, particularly in Ontario. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the changing societal norms of the 1980s influence the considerations of urban planners?

<p>Planners began to address diverse family structures, immigration, gender differences, and indigenous communities' needs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the 'Great Expectations' period (1955-1965) regarding urban planning?

<p>A widespread belief in scientific analysis and objective judgment to solve planning problems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the National Housing Act (NHA) evolve to support urban redevelopment during the 'Great Expectations' period?

<p>It began including redevelopment of non-residential areas and rehabilitation of substandard housing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key outcome of the CMHC’s direct funding of university planning programs?

<p>The establishment of the first university planning programs at institutions like McGill, Manitoba and UBC. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What broad trend characterized the 'Neo-Conservatism' era (1980-1990) related to land use?

<p>A surge in reurbanization, involving the reuse of industrial districts and harbor lands. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized housing programs during the Neo-Conservatism era?

<p>A shift to focus on economic and social development to create jobs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Thomas Adams play in the context of Canadian planning history?

<p>He was hired to advise the colonial government on planning and founded the Town Planning Institute of Canada. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the National Housing Act (NHA) during the Reconstruction period (1945-1955)?

<p>To make more housing available, repair and modernize existing housing, and promote planning and employment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did CMHC aid the development of planning education in Canadian universities?

<p>By providing direct grants and scholarships for half of the graduate students, and publishing academic journals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did advocacy planning differ from traditional planning approaches in its view of the planner's role?

<p>It shifted the planner's role to that of an advocate for under-represented groups, actively promoting their interests. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a key strategy employed by equity planners, inspired by Davidoff's view of planning as a political endeavor?

<p>Redistributing resources and power away from local elites and towards disadvantaged residents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary focus of the Cooper Square Committee's alternative plan in NYC?

<p>Minimizing displacement of existing residents during urban renewal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the focus of the Cooper Square project shift in the 1980s after initial defunding?

<p>It focused on preserving and rehabilitating existing buildings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of a Community Land Trust (CLT)?

<p>Land is held by an organization with a social purpose, such as affordable housing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant critique of equity planning, even with its achievements in cities like Cleveland?

<p>It still centered on the planner as a 'heroic' figure, potentially limiting community empowerment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Loh and Kim (2021), how is equity generally viewed by planning authorities today?

<p>As a widely supported goal, though not always prioritized in comprehensive plans. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might 'Tree Equity' relate to socio-demographic characteristics within a city?

<p>Tree equity acknowledges that tree cover and its benefits may be unevenly distributed based on socio-demographic factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a principle embraced by the Canadian Institute of Planners (CIP) in relation to equity?

<p>Seeking to articulate the needs of those whose interests have yet to be represented. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Norman Krumholz's primary goal as Chief Planner in Cleveland, inspired by Paul Davidoff's ideas?

<p>Promoting a wider range of choices for groups of individuals with limited options. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a core principle of Egalitarian Liberalism in the post-WWII era?

<p>Redistribution of wealth through government-funded social programs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of Keynesianism during the Fordism era?

<p>To manage the economy by countering economic cycles and stimulating demand. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Fordism contribute to increased consumption in the mid-20th century?

<p>By implementing mass production techniques and increasing worker wages, enabling greater affordability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did modernist planners view existing cities?

<p>As irrational, disorganized, and ugly, deserving of comprehensive redevelopment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which architectural style is most associated with Modernist planning?

<p>Clean lines, simple forms, and a machine aesthetic prioritizing function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key critique of modernist planning?

<p>It was too rational and expert-led, neglecting the needs and desires of ordinary people. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did urban renewal projects during the era of modernist planning often impact low-income and racialized communities?

<p>By displacing them from their homes and communities to make way for new developments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the rise of social movements in the 1960s influence urban planning?

<p>By advocating for more community involvement and challenging the status quo of urban development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of suburban development during the Fordism-era?

<p>Car-centric design with a hierarchy of roads and segregated land uses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'clean-slate' approach within the context of modernist planning?

<p>treating the city as though it doesn't exist and is irredeemable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did changes in political economy contribute to a shift away from modernism?

<p>By undermining the compact between big corporations, big labor, and big government, and creating new focus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Jane Jacobs influence later urban planning?

<p>By advocating mixed use development and community involvement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'Euclidean zoning'?

<p>Zoning that separates different land uses into distinct geographic areas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Portland's Bureau of Planning and Sustainability doing to address historical inequalities?

<p>Creating an equity strategy with a racial justice focus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Portland, Oregon regarded in terms of urban planning?

<p>Known for its regionalism, integrated land-use, transportation planning and sustainability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Planning

The spatial management of territory to organize land use and address community needs.

Inequality in Planning

Inequality refers to the uneven distribution of resources and opportunities in urban environments.

Equality vs. Equity

Equality focuses on sameness, while equity ensures equal outcomes by recognizing diverse needs.

Justice in Planning

Justice aims to fix systems and structures that create inequality and injustice in society.

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Public Interest in Planning

The concept that planning should reflect the needs and interests of the community at large.

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Accumulation in Capitalism

Accumulation describes the drive to gather capital, essential to capitalist systems and their growth.

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Bid Rent Theory

A theory explaining land use patterns based on the cost of land relative to its distance from the city center.

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International Division of Labor

A global concept where labor's value differs based on location, affecting economic structures.

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Greenfield site

Undeveloped land targeted for capitalist development.

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Brownfield site

Abandoned industrial area that may be polluted.

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Fordism

Mass production system by Ford, linking mass production and consumption.

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Structural adjustment programs

Policies by the IMF and World Bank for economic reform.

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Path-dependent urban development

Urban growth patterns influenced by existing structures and infrastructure.

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Urbanization

The shift from rural to urban living, typically increasing population density in cities.

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Merchant Capitalism

Economic system that emerged in the early modern era focused on trade and capital accumulation.

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Scientific Revolution

A period of advancements in science that shifted society's understanding from religion to empirical reasoning.

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Separation of Church and State

The concept that government and religion should be distinct entities.

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Colonialism

The political-economic process of exploring, conquering, and exploiting territories, particularly by European nations.

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Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

A devastating trade network transporting enslaved people mainly from Africa to the Americas, enriching traders.

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Industrial Capitalism

An economic system that arose during the industrial revolution, focusing on mass production and urbanization.

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Proletarianization

The process of transforming individuals into wage laborers, often by removing their means of subsistence.

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Enclosures of England

Privatization of common lands that forced people to seek urban employment, driving urbanization.

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Urban Planning

The design and regulation of land use in urban settings to address community needs.

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Overcrowding in Cities

The condition where too many people live in too small an area, often leading to poor living conditions.

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Industrial Cities

Urban centers that developed during the Industrial Revolution characterized by factories and poor living conditions.

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Contemporary Urbanization

The second wave of urbanization post-1950 characterized by significant population growth in the Global South.

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Grid Planning

A city planning method where streets are laid out in a grid pattern for organized development.

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Democratic Government

A system of government where power lies with the people, moving away from monarchies to collective decision-making.

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Haussmannization

The transformation of Paris under Haussmann's leadership, creating wider boulevards and a more organized city layout.

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Urban Reform Movement

A movement focused on improving health, sanitation, and housing conditions in industrial cities.

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Jacob Riis

A social reformer known for his book 'How the Other Half Lives,' exposing the conditions of slums in New York.

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1901 Tenement House Act

Legislation aimed at improving living conditions in tenements by mandating better airflow and light.

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Public Health Officer Reports

Reports by officials like Charles Hastings addressing housing issues in urban centers.

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Motivations for Reform

The driving forces behind urban reform included philanthropy and fear of disease or revolution.

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Plight of the Poor

The difficult living conditions faced by the low-income population in industrial cities.

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Social Control in Urban Planning

The use of urban planning reforms to manage and control populations within cities.

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Pre-Professional Planning

The foundational approaches used in town planning before official methodologies were established, including Indigenous planning, colonial settlement, and urban reforms.

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Indigenous Communities

The original inhabitants of Canada who cultivated agriculture and created sustainable practices linked to ecological knowledge.

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Colonial Settlement Planning

Planning focused on exploration, defense, and food production by European settlers, often disregarding Indigenous patterns.

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Commission of Conservation

A Canadian initiative aimed at managing the country’s natural resources and addressing urban issues from 1909 to 1921.

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Town Planning Institute of Canada

Founded in 1919 to promote the profession of town planning in Canada, structured based on a British model.

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Zoning

A regulatory tool used in town planning that divides land into categories for specific uses to manage growth and development.

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Traffic Planning

A branch of urban planning focused on managing the flow and infrastructure for vehicles and pedestrians.

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Depression Era Urban Planning

The period during the 1930s when planning halted due to economic decline, resulting in stagnant urban development.

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Social Welfare Initiatives

Programs proposed during the Depression to improve living conditions, including housing support and insurance.

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Post-War Housing Initiatives

Plans created after WWII aimed at improving housing, education, and infrastructure for returning veterans and the public.

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Infrastructure Projects

Construction initiatives undertaken during economic hardship to provide jobs and improve public services, such as roads and parks.

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City Beautiful Movement

An urban planning approach aiming to create aesthetically pleasing cities to promote civic pride and improve social conditions.

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Federal Charter

Official recognition granted to the Town Planning Institute in 1923, expanding its membership and authority.

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Healthy Cities Movement

A movement recognizing the role of environment and community in health, initiated by Leonard Duhl.

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Sustainable Development

A policy change focusing on environmental protection alongside economic growth, established in Canada in 1987.

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Ecological Footprint

A measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems, promoting sustainable practices.

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Neoliberalism

An ideology prioritizing market-driven policies and reduced government intervention in the economy.

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North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

A treaty signed in 1994 to encourage trade across North America, impacting Canadian economy.

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New Urbanism

A planning movement focusing on walkable neighborhoods and community-centered design.

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Smart Growth

An approach to urban planning aiming for sustainable, efficient infrastructure and land use.

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Indigenous Land Claims

Legal claims by Indigenous peoples over land, often requiring large-scale environmental plans.

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Climate Change Planning

Urban planning efforts addressing climate change and enhancing resilience against disasters.

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Health and Built Environment

Studies show how community designs affect public health, linking urban planning to health outcomes.

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Utopian Communities

Small-scale societies based on communal sharing and socialist ideas.

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Charles Fourier

French philosopher who promoted the concept of phalanx communities.

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Robert Owen

Founder of utopian socialism who established New Lanark for communal living.

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Garden City

A self-sustaining town surrounded by greenbelt, connected by rail.

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Clarence Perry

Introduced the Neighbourhood Unit Concept in urban planning.

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Fascist Architecture

Architecture used to express power in authoritarian regimes.

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Daniel Burnham

Urban planner known for the 1909 Chicago Plan.

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Clarence Stein

Co-founder of the American Regional Planning Association and proponent of Radburn plan.

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Settler Colonialism

Colonial practice where settlers establish control over land and people.

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Terra Nullius

Legal concept that land is deemed empty and available for colonization.

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Dominion Land Survey

Survey process dividing land for settlers, impacting Indigenous claims.

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Indigenous Land Management

Traditional practices focusing on sustainable land use and reciprocity.

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Eugenics

Movement aimed at improving the population by controlling reproduction.

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Radburn Plan

An urban design that segregates traffic from pedestrian pathways.

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NHA (National Housing Act)

Legislation that encourages housing development, repairs, and employment initiatives.

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CMHC

Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, established to implement housing policies.

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Community Planning Association of Canada (CPAC)

Founded in 1946 to promote planning ideas and facilitate discussions among stakeholders.

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Urban Renewal

Revitalization efforts to improve urban areas, often replacing the old with new developments.

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Advocacy Planning

An approach to planning that emphasizes public participation and community voice.

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Environmental Movement

A social movement advocating for environmental protection and sustainability measures.

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Housing Co-operatives

Community-based housing initiatives aimed at providing members secure living arrangements.

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Gentrification

The process where urban areas are renovated, often displacing lower-income residents.

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Planning Act

Legislation that governs land use planning and development in a given area.

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Metropolitan Planning

Planning that addresses the needs and development of larger urban regions.

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Community Resource Organizations

Non-profits that provide technical assistance for local development efforts.

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Department of Regional Economic Expansion (DREE)

Government branch focused on promoting development in economically struggling regions.

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Quantitative Revolution

Shift in planning towards using quantitative data for decision-making.

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Unitary Plans

Comprehensive planning strategies that aim to include diverse community views and alternatives.

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Equity Planning

Planning that promotes fairness by redistributing power and resources to disadvantaged populations.

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Community Land Trust

An organization that holds land to provide affordable housing and other community benefits.

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Alternative Plan of Cooper Square

A 1971 community plan that prioritized minimizing displacement during urban renewal.

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Frances Goldin

A key figure leading resistance against housing displacement in Cooper Square, NYC.

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Tree Equity

Ensuring equitable distribution of trees and green spaces, benefiting socio-demographic groups equally.

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Transit-oriented Planning

Planning that enhances public transportation access for lower-income communities.

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Contemporary Equity Goals

Modern planning aims to expand choice and opportunities, focusing on racial and economic equality.

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Portland Plan

A 2009 strategic plan to articulate equity in urban planning.

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Equitable Development

Development that ensures no displacement of vulnerable communities.

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Rational Comprehensive Planning

An approach criticized for ignoring social inequities.

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Public Participation Processes

Engagement strategies that enhance community involvement in planning.

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Equity Goals in Plans

Specific objectives in planning that address fairness and distribution.

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Demographic Analysis

Analysis that includes factors like race and income in planning.

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Anti-Displacement Policies

Strategies to protect vulnerable communities from being displaced.

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Redistributive Nature of Planning

The process of allocating resources through land use planning.

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Social Determinants of Health (SDH)

Factors that influence individual and community health beyond medical care.

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Modernist Planning

A post-WW2 planning approach focused on rationality and expert-led development.

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Keynesianism

Economic theory advocating for government intervention to manage the economy through spending and saving.

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Egalitarian Liberalism

Economic and political theory emphasizing social redistribution and support through government programs.

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Welfare State

A government system that provides social programs like healthcare and pensions funded by taxes.

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Comprehensive Planning

An approach to planning that includes all aspects of city life in a singular plan.

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Top-down Planning

A planning approach where decisions are made by experts rather than involving community input.

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Jane Jacobs

An urban activist and author who critiqued modernist planning and advocated for preserving cities' character.

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Bauhaus School

An influential design school known for its modernist architecture emphasizing functionalism.

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Suburbanization

The movement of populations from urban areas to residential suburbs, creating car-centric communities.

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Slum Clearance

An urban renewal practice of removing poor housing areas to redevelop them, often displacing residents.

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Political Economy Shift

Transition in economic systems or policies influenced by social movements and cultural changes.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Urban Planning in Canada

  • Planning is the spatial management of territory.
  • Conflicts like the Six Nations vs. Caledonia case highlight the complexities of planning, questioning whose interests should be prioritized (Indigenous vs. developers) in land use decisions.
  • Planning often aims for social good but inequality exists in cities (access to transit, housing).
  • Inequality isn't evenly distributed, creating different outcomes and challenges for various groups.
  • History of urban development is crucial to understanding forces shaping inequality within planning.
  • Equality focuses on sameness, while equity acknowledges different needs.
  • Justice aims to address systematic inequalities.
  • Defining the "public interest" is challenging; whose interests are represented?

Historical Models of Urban Development

  • Urban development is continuous and "restless."
  • Modern urbanization in many cities is characterized by inward growth, rather than outward expansion, resulting in denser cities.
  • Accumulation in capitalism entails the drive for capital accumulation, often leading to social exploitation of labor.
  • International division of labor, exemplified by offshoring, creates uneven labor values.
  • Colonial expansion and trade played a pivotal role in the early growth of urban centers.
  • Greenfield and Brownfield sites reflect contrasting targets for capitalist development.
  • Fordism, a system of mass production, links mass production to mass consumption and has influenced urbanization in various regions worldwide, including the Rust Belt and Sunbelt.
  • Key aspects of post-Fordism include regional urbanization, where growth takes place from multiple metro-area centers instead of one core.
  • Keynesian spatial policies aim to stimulate regional economies, while subprime lending has contributed to financial instability.
  • Urbanization as a phenomenon is relatively recent.
  • The growth of cities over the millennia has been closely tied with shifts in trade and modes of economic growth.
  • The development of cities from antiquity has varied from planned, grid-based designs (e.g., Miletus) to organic growth rooted in trade and need.

Pre-professional and Early Planning in Canada

  • Three major groups shaped pre-professional planning (Indigenous peoples, European colonial settlements, and urban reform movements).
  • Indigenous communities had pre-existing systems for managing land and resources.
  • Colonial settlements focused on exploration, defense, and resource extraction, often displacing Indigenous peoples.
  • Urban reform movements emerged as a reaction to negative aspects of industrial growth.
  • The Commission of Conservation marked Canada's first step into a more comprehensive approach to urban development (though not initially considered a planning body).
  • Early planning acts in provinces were limited in scope and power.
  • The Town Planning Institute of Canada (TPIC) was established in 1919 by (mostly) male members of design professions.
  • The Institute's focus during the 1920s was on building support for zoning, town design, and traffic planning.
  • The Great Depression (1930-1940) saw a period of inactivity, though infrastructure development and social welfare reforms began to emerge.
  • WWII prompted a focus on post war reconstruction and planning.

Post-War Modernist Planning and Beyond

  • The National Housing Act (NHA) and the creation of the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) influenced post-war planning and housing.
  • This era saw the expansion of urban renewal projects, often leading to the displacement of existing residents.
  • The rational model of planning—with an emphasis on comprehensive plans and top-down approaches by a small group of experts—characterized this era.
  • The "planning professional" was envisioned as a technocratic expert, often divorced from political realities and social needs, though early forms of citizen participation emerged.
  • Critical reactions to modernist approaches, especially the social consequences of this planning.
  • Critiques of modernism emerged.
  • Postmodernist approaches and theory.
  • Post-war growth fueled urban sprawl influenced by the automobile.
  • Concerns about equity, displacement of residents, and social justice issues emerged.
  • Approaches to equity by some like Paul Davidoff and Norman Krumholz emphasized a more politically based approach to planning.
  • Equity planning focused on redistributing resources to the neediest groups.
  • Contemporary equity planning continues to focus on advocating for disadvantaged groups while addressing issues such as environmental justice, community facilities, transportation, and housing for the 21st century.

Contemporary Urban Planning

  • Contemporary urban planning emphasizes equity, emphasizing the importance of recognizing the diverse needs of all affected parties.
  • Examples like Portland, Oregon's approach to equity-focused planning through community collaborations, are shown.
  • Equity is often not prioritized in practice, even though declared as a planning goal.
  • Factors that influence stronger equity orientation include newer plans, communities with stronger planning capacity, and greater public participation processes.
  • Urban planning is redistributive, creating costs and benefits; the goal is to make these distributions fairer.

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