Podcast
Questions and Answers
How did European colonialism significantly differ from earlier forms of empire-building, such as those of the Greeks or Romans?
How did European colonialism significantly differ from earlier forms of empire-building, such as those of the Greeks or Romans?
- Earlier empires often incorporated conquered populations into their political structures, unlike the segregationist nature of European colonialism.
- European colonialism was characterized by a lack of technological advancement compared to earlier empires.
- European colonialism was uniquely driven by the pursuit of trade routes and economic resources on a global scale. (correct)
- Earlier empires focused primarily on territorial expansion, while European colonialism prioritized cultural assimilation.
The 'triangular trade' system is best understood as a network primarily designed to benefit which region?
The 'triangular trade' system is best understood as a network primarily designed to benefit which region?
- North America
- West Africa
- South America
- Europe (correct)
Ross and Telkamp identify two main types of transoceanic colonization. Which scenario best exemplifies the 'virtually unoccupied new land' type?
Ross and Telkamp identify two main types of transoceanic colonization. Which scenario best exemplifies the 'virtually unoccupied new land' type?
- The founding of New York by European colonists in a region with sparsely populated indigenous communities. (correct)
- Spanish colonization of Mexico, which involved overlaying colonial structures onto dense Aztec settlements.
- Colonization of India, where the British adapted existing Mughal infrastructure for their administration.
- The establishment of French colonies in Indochina, interacting with pre-existing Vietnamese and Khmer societies.
In colonial urban planning, the strategy exemplified by Zanzibar, where existing sites and accommodations were largely unmodified, suggests what primary colonial objective?
In colonial urban planning, the strategy exemplified by Zanzibar, where existing sites and accommodations were largely unmodified, suggests what primary colonial objective?
Cities like New Delhi and Batavia, planned by colonial powers, are examples of urban development that primarily aimed to achieve:
Cities like New Delhi and Batavia, planned by colonial powers, are examples of urban development that primarily aimed to achieve:
The concept of the 'dual city' in colonial contexts refers to:
The concept of the 'dual city' in colonial contexts refers to:
Which of the following best describes the role of 'prima donna architect planners' in colonial city development?
Which of the following best describes the role of 'prima donna architect planners' in colonial city development?
According to Anthony D. King's analysis, 'dependent urbanization' in colonial contexts primarily implies:
According to Anthony D. King's analysis, 'dependent urbanization' in colonial contexts primarily implies:
The term 'segregated city' in colonial studies most accurately refers to:
The term 'segregated city' in colonial studies most accurately refers to:
Soweto, described as a 'South West Township' in South Africa, exemplifies which aspect of colonial urban planning?
Soweto, described as a 'South West Township' in South Africa, exemplifies which aspect of colonial urban planning?
The concept of 'stopgaps' in colonial urban spaces refers to:
The concept of 'stopgaps' in colonial urban spaces refers to:
Before French colonization, Algiers was characterized by:
Before French colonization, Algiers was characterized by:
The French colonization of Algiers in the 1830s was followed by:
The French colonization of Algiers in the 1830s was followed by:
What was the 'belle epoque' in the context of colonial Algiers around the turn of the 20th century?
What was the 'belle epoque' in the context of colonial Algiers around the turn of the 20th century?
The 'algerianistes,' a literary school in colonial Algiers, are noted for:
The 'algerianistes,' a literary school in colonial Algiers, are noted for:
Despite the spatial dichotomy in colonial Algiers, with predominantly European and indigenous areas, there existed:
Despite the spatial dichotomy in colonial Algiers, with predominantly European and indigenous areas, there existed:
Gillo Pontecorvo's 1966 film 'The Battle of Algiers' is significant for its:
Gillo Pontecorvo's 1966 film 'The Battle of Algiers' is significant for its:
The film 'The Battle of Algiers' has been notably used for:
The film 'The Battle of Algiers' has been notably used for:
In the context of 'post-colonialism,' the 'post-' prefix often signifies:
In the context of 'post-colonialism,' the 'post-' prefix often signifies:
De-colonization, in contrast to post-colonialism, implies:
De-colonization, in contrast to post-colonialism, implies:
The removal of colonial monuments in post-colonial cities raises questions primarily about:
The removal of colonial monuments in post-colonial cities raises questions primarily about:
Aggressive removal of colonial symbols in de-colonization efforts might suggest:
Aggressive removal of colonial symbols in de-colonization efforts might suggest:
Understanding urban post-colonialism and de-colonization in the context of 'economics of modernity' involves considering:
Understanding urban post-colonialism and de-colonization in the context of 'economics of modernity' involves considering:
The layout and structure of many Asian cities today reflect colonial influences primarily in:
The layout and structure of many Asian cities today reflect colonial influences primarily in:
The 'aesthetics of urban design' in post-colonial cities often presents a tension between:
The 'aesthetics of urban design' in post-colonial cities often presents a tension between:
The 'symbolic value and cultural memory' associated with colonial-era buildings in post-colonial cities are complex because:
The 'symbolic value and cultural memory' associated with colonial-era buildings in post-colonial cities are complex because:
How does the concept of 'colonial periphery' relate to the 'noir city' or 'concrete jungle' discussed in previous sessions?
How does the concept of 'colonial periphery' relate to the 'noir city' or 'concrete jungle' discussed in previous sessions?
The Opium Wars, mentioned in the context of colonialism, are significant because they illustrate:
The Opium Wars, mentioned in the context of colonialism, are significant because they illustrate:
The example of Kingston, Jamaica, as a colonial city, exemplifies which pattern of site and accommodation?
The example of Kingston, Jamaica, as a colonial city, exemplifies which pattern of site and accommodation?
Le Corbusier's plan for Algiers in the 1930s, though unbuilt, is significant as an example of:
Le Corbusier's plan for Algiers in the 1930s, though unbuilt, is significant as an example of:
In colonial territories, 'export and replication of institutions' as a strategy primarily involved:
In colonial territories, 'export and replication of institutions' as a strategy primarily involved:
The concept of 'hybridity,' when discussed in relation to colonial cities, refers to:
The concept of 'hybridity,' when discussed in relation to colonial cities, refers to:
The Peak in Hong Kong, as discussed in the slides, originally served as:
The Peak in Hong Kong, as discussed in the slides, originally served as:
The 'Hill District Reservation Ordinance of 1904' in Hong Kong is an example of:
The 'Hill District Reservation Ordinance of 1904' in Hong Kong is an example of:
In the context of post-colonial Hong Kong, the continued prestige associated with property ownership from the Mid-Levels to the Peak indicates:
In the context of post-colonial Hong Kong, the continued prestige associated with property ownership from the Mid-Levels to the Peak indicates:
The quote 'The Peak looks down on everything and everybody. The lower levels look up at the Peak' best illustrates:
The quote 'The Peak looks down on everything and everybody. The lower levels look up at the Peak' best illustrates:
Considering the 'Battle of Algiers' film, the 'borders and thresholds' in a colonial city are primarily:
Considering the 'Battle of Algiers' film, the 'borders and thresholds' in a colonial city are primarily:
When examining 'urban post-colonialism and de-colonization,' the concept of 'cultural memory' is important because it highlights:
When examining 'urban post-colonialism and de-colonization,' the concept of 'cultural memory' is important because it highlights:
Flashcards
Colonialism's Origins
Colonialism's Origins
Colonialism often follows European exploration. It includes finding trade routes, developing coastlines, and globalization through imperialism and slavery.
Two types of transoceanic colonization
Two types of transoceanic colonization
One type involves colonists encountering a populated area, while the other involves establishing a population in a virtually unoccupied land.
Settlement modifications
Settlement modifications
The site is used with few changes; the site is modified/enlarged; the the settlement is razed and rebuilt; the site is incorporated; a new settlement is built separately; site ignored with new construction elsewhere.
Colonies as opportunities
Colonies as opportunities
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Colonial strategies
Colonial strategies
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Colonialism as a Means of Expansion
Colonialism as a Means of Expansion
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Segregation in Colonial Planning
Segregation in Colonial Planning
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Elements of the colonial space
Elements of the colonial space
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Algiers before colonization
Algiers before colonization
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French Colonial Rule in Algiers
French Colonial Rule in Algiers
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'Battle of Algiers'
'Battle of Algiers'
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Post-colonialism
Post-colonialism
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Elements of de-colonization
Elements of de-colonization
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Study Notes
Organization
- Last week, the topic, noir city/concrete jungle, was covered
- Shifting the focus from the metropolitan center of the early 20th century to the colonial periphery
Colonialism & the Urban
- Colonialism followed European exploration, this does not include early empires
- Exploration aimed at finding trade routes to India led to the "discovery" of the Americas, "development" of the African coastline, triangle trade, and Opium War
- Imperialism, slavery, and the industrial revolution are the roots of globalization and global modernity
Colonialism Types
- Transoceanic colonization had two main forms
- First, colonists encounter densely populated societies
- Second, colonists encounter virtually unoccupied land to extract surplus
Colonial Cities & Accommodation Tactics
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Cities and accommodations were occupied with little or no modification, as can be seen in Zanzibar
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Modified and enlarged sites and accommodation occurred in small inland colonial administrative centers
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Existing settlements were razed and built over, example being Mexico City
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Sites and accommodation were incorporated into planned settlements, visible in Batavia
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New settlements were built separately but closely to existing ones like New Delhi
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Existing settlements were ignored and a new one was built at a distance from it (Rabat)
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In the absence of prior Indigenous populations, new foundations were built
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Built for colonists only, non-colonists remained outside, with their own settlements and accommodation, as in New York
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Built for Colonists, but there was separate location and accommodation for Indigenous and intervening groups such as in Nairobi
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Built for all, including the Colonists and most of the intervening and Indigenous groups, such as in Kingston
Prima Donna Architect Imperial Dreams
- Colonies were seen as uninhibited to fulfill creative imperial dreams for architects
- Corbusier created 7 plans for Algiers from 1931-1942
- Space was viewed as free, giving way to constructing cities according to principles of reason and beauty
- The "dual city" existed across Dakar, Algiers, Cape Town, Delhi, Nairobi, and Singapore
Colonial Development Strategies
- Colonial powers utilized different approaches in developing colonial territories
- 'Export' and replication of institutions and related/architectures structures
- Segregation or (partial) integration of indigenous population and culture
- Economic restructuring to extract resources and effect surplus
- Military presence to secure territory
Anthony D. King
- Anthony D. King (1931 - 2022) was a sociologist interested in architecture
- King later focused his interests towards urban studies
- He studied urban/colonial/economic space
Colonialism's Simplest Analysis
- Colonialism extended markets for manufactured goods from metro-cities
- Colonies providing the raw materials to those metropolis
- This lead to "dependent urbanization"
- Industrialization occurred in core Western societies while urbanization occurred in dependent colonial societies
Segregation in Colonial Planning
- Colonial planning's central social aspect was segregation, mainly on racial lines
- Segregated cities both resulted from and created segregated societies
- Indigenous populations in southern Africa were kept out of the cities
- Elsewhere, they were confined to 'native locations' or 'townships' and those that squatted
Colonial Space Central Themes
- Segregation: A concept also found in US zoning practices
- 'Dependent urbanization': Rudimentary urbanization, which displays political and military power emblems, withholds aspects of Western urbanity from colonized populations
- Pre-industrial forms as 'stopgaps'
- Alternative shelters, markets, and 'traditional' solutions sprang up
Battle of Algiers Urban Planning
- The town's space and functions harmonized
- Social hierarchy adapted from the high Casbah to the rich lower town
- Balance was present between the town and the gardens through their large orchards
- The city was considered a coherent whole where space, functioning, law, demography, and social divisions corresponded to one another
- Colonization was to oppose its world, or rather worlds: stages in the transformation of the city registered the succeeding phases of colonization
Algiers as a French Colony
- Algiers became a French colony in the 1830s
- The Algerians resisted French colonial rule throughout the 19th century
- Resistance reached its peak in the war of independence after WWII and early 60s
- Had an impact on French Leftist resistance and May ‘68
- Interesting parallels of French anti-German Resistance, and French forces in Algeria switching roles
Algerians in Algiers
- The Algerian population was no more than an islet in the middle of Algiers
- After 1900, Algiers seemed to be the triumph of European superimposition
- The Jews were westernizing with new architecture being introduced
- There was a 'foreign Algerianness'
- Algiers was the literary capital of exoticism and the seat of a literary school, algerianistes
- The algerianistes ignored Algerians by seeing Algeria only as land not people, or considering French colonization as in the Roman tradition
Algiers Society
- The dichotomy between the predominantly European Algiers and the Indigenous one still had economic, social, and cultural linkages
- Some Europeans adapted to the Algerian way of life
- Europeans often had standards of living scarcely higher than the poorest Algerians
- Imperial Algiers still had 8,000 Europeans only kept alive through municipal assistance and relief
- Those called "les evolues" lived richly and in European styles
Battle of Algiers Film
- 1966 film directed by Gillo Pontecorvo
- Pontecorvo's biography: Italian Jew, emigrant, Italian neorealist 'docudramas'
- The film was influential and 'taught' in counterinsurgency training
"Dual or Split" City
- The film portrays a city of dualism with (architectural) insignia of colonial power
- Borders and Thresholds were enforced by (architectural) structures
- Experience of people (moving past) boundaries created the elements of hybridity
Urban Post-Colonialism & De-Colonization
- This terminology often take a temporal meaning
- Remnants of colonial structuring or architecture can persist
- Elements can be open, sometimes protected as heritage and/or understood as related to colonial history
- Structures visible, yet not (or no longer) understood as related to Colonial History
Post-Colonialism & De-Colonization actions
- Post-colonialism refers to colonial structures, values, practices, remaining in place
- De-colonization implies more active removal
- There are questions over direct correspondence between material marker and mindset like the removal of monuments
- Historical preservation is in question
- Aggressive removal of monuments could be interpreted more by impotence than 'spiritual overcoming' of the colonial past
Important considerations
- These elements remain in the context of:
- Modern economics
- Structure of Asian cities
- Aesthetics of urban design: Between historically significant sites and constant re-development
- Symbolic value and cultural memory
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