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Questions and Answers
What combination of treatments for encopresis has been found to be more effective?
What combination of treatments for encopresis has been found to be more effective?
What behavioral intervention is mentioned as part of the treatment for encopresis?
What behavioral intervention is mentioned as part of the treatment for encopresis?
In a study of 324 children treated for encopresis, what percentage showed improvement?
In a study of 324 children treated for encopresis, what percentage showed improvement?
What percentage of children treated for encopresis were still experiencing soiling after treatment?
What percentage of children treated for encopresis were still experiencing soiling after treatment?
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Which treatment approach for encopresis is noted to hold promise?
Which treatment approach for encopresis is noted to hold promise?
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Which symptom indicates a significant weight change in a person experiencing depressive disorder?
Which symptom indicates a significant weight change in a person experiencing depressive disorder?
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What duration qualifies for the diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder in adults?
What duration qualifies for the diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder in adults?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of persistent depressive disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of persistent depressive disorder?
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What is an example of psychomotor agitation as a symptom?
What is an example of psychomotor agitation as a symptom?
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What was a major shift in the understanding of childhood disorders in the early twentieth century?
What was a major shift in the understanding of childhood disorders in the early twentieth century?
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What should be considered when assessing weight changes in children concerning depressive disorder?
What should be considered when assessing weight changes in children concerning depressive disorder?
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How were childhood disorders categorized prior to the DSM-5?
How were childhood disorders categorized prior to the DSM-5?
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Which symptom associated with depressive disorder is indicative of suicidal ideation?
Which symptom associated with depressive disorder is indicative of suicidal ideation?
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Which of the following relates to feelings of worthlessness in depressive disorders?
Which of the following relates to feelings of worthlessness in depressive disorders?
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What is one criticism of the DSM-5 regarding childhood disorders?
What is one criticism of the DSM-5 regarding childhood disorders?
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According to the 'differential susceptibility' hypothesis, what is the primary focus of study?
According to the 'differential susceptibility' hypothesis, what is the primary focus of study?
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Which of the following describes a symptom of fatigue in depressive disorder?
Which of the following describes a symptom of fatigue in depressive disorder?
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What characterizes externalizing disorders in children?
What characterizes externalizing disorders in children?
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What was the approach to childhood psychological disorders prior to the recognition in the early twentieth century?
What was the approach to childhood psychological disorders prior to the recognition in the early twentieth century?
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What is a common characteristic of most children in terms of coping with adversity?
What is a common characteristic of most children in terms of coping with adversity?
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Which of the following statements reflects the evolution of childhood disorder classification?
Which of the following statements reflects the evolution of childhood disorder classification?
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When diagnosing disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, which condition should not co-occur for the diagnosis to be valid?
When diagnosing disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, which condition should not co-occur for the diagnosis to be valid?
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Which of the following symptoms would disqualify an individual from being diagnosed with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
Which of the following symptoms would disqualify an individual from being diagnosed with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
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What is a requirement for the fear or anxiety associated with specific phobias?
What is a requirement for the fear or anxiety associated with specific phobias?
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In the context of specific phobias, what does intense avoidance behavior indicate?
In the context of specific phobias, what does intense avoidance behavior indicate?
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How is fear or anxiety in specific phobias typically expressed in children?
How is fear or anxiety in specific phobias typically expressed in children?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between fear and perceived danger in specific phobias?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between fear and perceived danger in specific phobias?
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What characteristic is NOT a diagnostic criterion for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
What characteristic is NOT a diagnostic criterion for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
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Which term describes the impact of the fear or anxiety in specific phobias on an individual's daily life?
Which term describes the impact of the fear or anxiety in specific phobias on an individual's daily life?
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What does Autism Spectrum Disorder consolidate?
What does Autism Spectrum Disorder consolidate?
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Which impairment is NOT characteristic of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Which impairment is NOT characteristic of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
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What is the estimated prevalence rate of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
What is the estimated prevalence rate of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
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Which statement about the outcome for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder is true?
Which statement about the outcome for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder is true?
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What factor is critical for improving outcomes in Autism Spectrum Disorder?
What factor is critical for improving outcomes in Autism Spectrum Disorder?
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How do the diagnoses of Autism Spectrum Disorder vary across clinics?
How do the diagnoses of Autism Spectrum Disorder vary across clinics?
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In terms of gender prevalence, how does Autism Spectrum Disorder affect boys compared to girls?
In terms of gender prevalence, how does Autism Spectrum Disorder affect boys compared to girls?
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What type of programs can be helpful for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
What type of programs can be helpful for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
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What describes the individual's fear in social situations?
What describes the individual's fear in social situations?
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How do children typically express fear or anxiety in social situations?
How do children typically express fear or anxiety in social situations?
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What is a common response of individuals with social anxiety disorder to social situations?
What is a common response of individuals with social anxiety disorder to social situations?
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What characteristic of fear or anxiety in social anxiety disorder is noted about its duration?
What characteristic of fear or anxiety in social anxiety disorder is noted about its duration?
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What is the significance of the fear or anxiety regarding functioning in daily life?
What is the significance of the fear or anxiety regarding functioning in daily life?
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What must be ruled out for a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder?
What must be ruled out for a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of social anxiety disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of social anxiety disorder?
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How is the intensity of fear or anxiety assessed in social anxiety disorder?
How is the intensity of fear or anxiety assessed in social anxiety disorder?
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Study Notes
BEHL 3004 Week 12, 2024
- Rieger, Chapter 14 (Disorders of Childhood) will be reviewed for the exam.
- This week's tutorial will be a review for the exam, particularly the tutorials.
- A separate recording regarding the exam will be posted.
- Assessment #5 is due this week (Thursday-Friday).
Learning Objectives
- Describe key behavioral and emotional child problems identified by parents, along with challenges in assessing mental health.
- Describe key themes in classifying childhood psychological disorders.
- Describe the main characteristics of neurodevelopmental disorders.
- Describe key features and factors contributing to externalizing disorders, and evidence-based treatment approaches.
- Describe the key characteristics and treatment of separation anxiety and selective mutism.
- Describe various elimination disorders and their treatments.
Disorders of Childhood
- Overview (myths, history, etc.)
- Internalising Disorders
- Externalising Disorders
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Elimination Disorders
Psychological and Behavioural Disorders in Children
- Myths, realities, and research challenges: Psychological and behavioral problems are very common in children.
- Few children receive help.
- Traditionally, childhood disorders research relies on adult models.
- It's critical to consider both risk and protective factors.
Prevalence of Childhood Problems
- A table detailing the prevalence of various disorders (anxiety, depressive, ADHD, Conduct) among 4-17-year-olds and severity levels.
Classification of Childhood Disorders
- Prior to the 20th century, there was little recognition of psychological disorders in childhood.
- Children were viewed as miniature adults.
- Early 20th century saw increased recognition of childhood disorders.
- Separate childhood disorders weren't included in the DSM-III until 1980.
- A critical aspect of DSM-5 is its lack of considering the dimensional nature of childhood conditions.
- Externalising disorders in children involve under-controlled behaviors directed at others.
- Internalising disorders in children involve over-controlled, inner-directed behaviors.
- Examples of disorders that don't neatly fit these categories include ADHD and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
Specific Phobias (DSM-5-TR)
- Marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation (e.g., flying, heights, animals, injections, seeing blood).
- The phobic object or situation almost always evokes immediate fear or anxiety.
- The phobic object or situation is actively avoided or endured with intense fear or anxiety.
- The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger and sociocultural context.
- The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent (typically 6+ months).
- Causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas.
Social Anxiety Disorder (DSM-5-TR)
- Marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations.
- Fear that the individual will act in a way or show anxiety symptoms negatively evaluated.
- Social situations almost always evoke fear/anxiety.
- Social situations are avoided or endured with intense fear.
- Markedly out of proportion to the actual threat and sociocultural context.
- The fear or avoidance persists typically for 6+ months.
Generalised Anxiety Disorder (DSM-5-TR)
- Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation) about numerous events/activities for at least 6 months.
- Difficulty controlling worry.
- Associated with at least three of six symptoms (e.g., restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance).
- The anxiety causes significant distress/impairment.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (DSM-5-TR)
- Presence of one or more intrusion symptoms related to a traumatic event(s) beginning after the event(s).
- Intrusive memories, distressing dreams, dissociative reactions, intense psychological distress at exposure to cues that symbolize or resemble the event, marked physiological reactions.
- Marked impairments in arousal and reactivity (e.g., irritability, anger outbursts, recklessness/self-destructiveness).
- Symptoms persist in multiple settings.
Separation Anxiety Disorder (DSM-5-TR)
- Inappropriate and excessive anxiety surrounding separation from attachment figures.
- Occurs in approximately 3-5% of children, more common in girls.
- The disturbance occurs in 4+ weeks for adolescents/children, and 6+ months in adults.
Aetiology of Separation Anxiety Disorder
- Evidence of genetic vulnerability for separation anxiety.
- Parental anxiety plays a role.
- Insecure attachment and parental absence also contribute.
Treatment of Separation Anxiety
- Cognitive behavioral therapy is the primary treatment.
- Includes psychoeducation, coping skills, relaxation, exposure and reinforcement
Selective Mutism (DSM-5-TR)
- Consistent failure to speak in specific social situations while speaking in other situations.
- Disturbance interferes with social or educational functioning.
- The failure to speak is not connected to language knowledge or comfort levels.
- The disturbance is not attributed to autism, schizophrenia, etc.
Aetiology and Treatment of Selective Mutism
-
Possible manifestation of shyness or inhibited temperament.
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Some evidence suggests it's a form of social anxiety disorder.
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Treatment targets high anxiety in social situations, limited speaking experience, and reinforcement for non-verbal communication.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DSM-5-TR)
- Severe recurrent temper outbursts that are grossly out of proportion in intensity or duration to the situation.
- Temper outbursts inconsistent with developmental level.
- Average of three or more temper outbursts per week.
- Mood between outbursts—persistently irritable or angry most of the day.
- Criteria have been present for 12+ months, without 3+ consecutive symptom-free months.
- Present in at least two of three settings (home, school, peers).
- Diagnosis shouldn't occur before age 6 or after age 18.
- Symptoms began before age 10.
Conduct Disorder (DSM-5-TR)
- Persistent pattern of violating the rights of others or societal norms.
- Demonstrated through 3+ of a specified list of behaviours, present during the past 12 months, with at least one present during the past 6 months.
- Includes actions such as aggression toward people or animals and property damage to deceitfulness and theft.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (DSM-5-TR)
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Pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness lasting 6+ months, with 4+ symptoms from any category, during interactions with at least one person who is not a sibling.
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Includes symptoms like frequently losing temper, being touchy/easily annoyed, being angry/resentful.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Defined by symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity.
- Symptoms present prior to age 12, and in multiple environments.
- Prevalence approximately 7.2%.
Treatment of ADHD
- Stimulant medications (e.g., Ritalin) may improve behaviour, interaction with others, and concentration.
- Medication plus behavioral treatment may yield better results than medication alone.
Specific Learning Disorder (DSM-5-TR)
- Characterised by difficulties in acquisition and use of specific academic skills demonstrated by ongoing difficulties for 6 months, despite interventions.
- Difficulties with accuracy, fluency and comprehension of reading, written expression, and/or mathematical reasoning, which are not explained by a general intellectual disability.
Elimination Disorders
- Enuresis: Involuntary urination; either nocturnal or diurnal (daytime) and can be primary or secondary.
- Encopresis: Repetitive soiling (involuntary or intentional); either constipation-related or not.
Treatment of Enuresis & Encopresis
- Enuresis typically treated with conditioning approaches (e.g., bell-and-pad method).
- Encopresis is often treated with a combination of medical management and behavioral strategies, encompassing psychoeducation for parents and children, reinforcement schedules for using the toilet, and other targeted interventions.
Any Questions?
- If any questions arise, post online.
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