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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of acute allergic rhinitis?
What is the primary cause of acute allergic rhinitis?
Which part of the upper respiratory tract contains vocal cords?
Which part of the upper respiratory tract contains vocal cords?
What type of epithelium is found in the respiratory tract?
What type of epithelium is found in the respiratory tract?
What kind of inflammation is characterized by marked mucosal edema and a rich eosinophil presence?
What kind of inflammation is characterized by marked mucosal edema and a rich eosinophil presence?
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Which of the following is NOT a common feature of acute catarrhal rhinitis?
Which of the following is NOT a common feature of acute catarrhal rhinitis?
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Which condition is generally accompanied by sinusitis?
Which condition is generally accompanied by sinusitis?
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Which histological feature is associated with the vocal cords?
Which histological feature is associated with the vocal cords?
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What is a common predisposing factor for acute rhinitis?
What is a common predisposing factor for acute rhinitis?
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Which of the following is a direct complication of tonsillitis?
Which of the following is a direct complication of tonsillitis?
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What is a characteristic feature of chronic tonsillitis?
What is a characteristic feature of chronic tonsillitis?
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What is one potential complication associated with adenoid hyperplasia?
What is one potential complication associated with adenoid hyperplasia?
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of acute to chronic transition in tonsillitis?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of acute to chronic transition in tonsillitis?
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What is the causative agent of diphtheria?
What is the causative agent of diphtheria?
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Which sign is often associated with 'adenoid face' resulting from adenoid hyperplasia?
Which sign is often associated with 'adenoid face' resulting from adenoid hyperplasia?
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What type of inflammation characterizes diphtheria?
What type of inflammation characterizes diphtheria?
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What is a common outcome of repeated acute tonsillitis episodes?
What is a common outcome of repeated acute tonsillitis episodes?
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What is a significant complication of acute cervical lymphadenitis?
What is a significant complication of acute cervical lymphadenitis?
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What characterizes angiofibroma?
What characterizes angiofibroma?
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What is a common treatment approach for angiofibroma?
What is a common treatment approach for angiofibroma?
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What is the typical age range for the presentation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
What is the typical age range for the presentation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
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What is a potential systemic complication of acute cervical lymphadenitis?
What is a potential systemic complication of acute cervical lymphadenitis?
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What is a notable histopathological feature of angiofibroma?
What is a notable histopathological feature of angiofibroma?
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What risk is associated with surgical intervention for angiofibroma?
What risk is associated with surgical intervention for angiofibroma?
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Which of the following is NOT a complication of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma?
Which of the following is NOT a complication of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma?
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What is the male-to-female ratio for the observed gender prevalence in the pathology discussed?
What is the male-to-female ratio for the observed gender prevalence in the pathology discussed?
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Which microscopic pattern is described as having prominent nucleoli and being mixed with abundant mature lymphocytes?
Which microscopic pattern is described as having prominent nucleoli and being mixed with abundant mature lymphocytes?
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Which carcinoma is considered most radiosensitive?
Which carcinoma is considered most radiosensitive?
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What is the main cause of laryngitis as described in the content?
What is the main cause of laryngitis as described in the content?
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Which factor is listed under general causes of epistaxis?
Which factor is listed under general causes of epistaxis?
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What type of ulceration may be present with a raised ulcerated nodule in the discussed pathology?
What type of ulceration may be present with a raised ulcerated nodule in the discussed pathology?
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Which is a local cause of epistaxis?
Which is a local cause of epistaxis?
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What type of inflammation is observed in acute laryngitis?
What type of inflammation is observed in acute laryngitis?
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What is a common cause of chronic non-specific laryngitis?
What is a common cause of chronic non-specific laryngitis?
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Where do laryngeal nodules typically form?
Where do laryngeal nodules typically form?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a type of chronic specific laryngitis?
Which of the following is NOT considered a type of chronic specific laryngitis?
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What is a key clinical presentation of laryngeal nodules?
What is a key clinical presentation of laryngeal nodules?
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Which of the following is a risk factor associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx?
Which of the following is a risk factor associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx?
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Which method of spread is commonly associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx?
Which method of spread is commonly associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx?
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What is the typical gross appearance of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx?
What is the typical gross appearance of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx?
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What is a characteristic feature of verrucous carcinoma of the larynx?
What is a characteristic feature of verrucous carcinoma of the larynx?
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Study Notes
Upper Respiratory Tract Anatomy
- The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, tonsils, and larynx.
Upper Respiratory Tract Histology
- The respiratory epithelium is pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells.
- Stratified squamous, non-keratinized epithelium lines the vocal cords and openings.
Rhinitis
- Rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa commonly accompanied by sinusitis.
- Acute rhinitis can be caused by a viral infection (common cold) or allergies.
- Acute Catarrhal Rhinitis is commonly caused by rhinovirus and secondary bacterial infection.
- Acute Allergic Rhinitis is triggered by inhaling antigens like pollens, animal allergens, or Dust mites.
- Chronic Tonsillitis can be non-specific or specific.
- Chronic Non-specific Tonsillitis is caused by repeated attacks of acute tonsillitis and results in hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles.
- Chronic Specific Tonsillitis is caused by primary or secondary tuberculosis.
Adenoid
- The adenoid is hyperplastic lymphoid tissue found at the posterior wall of the nasopharynx in infants and children.
- Complications of adenoid hypertrophy include nasopharyngeal obstruction, mouth breathing, and an adenoid face.
Diphtheria
- Diphtheria is a pseudo-membranous inflammation of the tonsils and throat caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
- The infection commonly affects unimmunized children between 2 and 5 years old.
- Pathology includes a pseudomembrane composed of necrotic cells, fibrin, and inflammatory cells.
- Local complications include asphyxia due to inflammatory edema and the diphtheritic membrane in the larynx and trachea.
- Systemic complications include acute severe toxemia, acute heart failure, paralysis of respiratory, laryngeal, and extraocular muscles, acute adrenal insufficiency, and Zenker's degeneration.
Nasopharyngeal (Juvenile) Angiofibroma
- A benign tumor of the nasopharynx most commonly affecting young adolescent boys (peak at 15 years old).
- There is evidence of hormonal dependency related to puberty.
- Pathology includes non-capsulated, grayish-pink mass projecting into the nasopharynx.
- Complications of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma include epistaxis, obstruction, and extension into the cheek, maxillary antrum, orbit, and rarely intracranially.
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
- A malignant epithelial neoplasm of the nasopharynx.
- Risk factors include age (bimodal with peaks at 15-25 years and 60-70 years), gender (males > females), and exposure to EBV.
- Pathology includes raised, ulcerated nodules, infiltrative fungating masses, and a microscopic picture of keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, or undifferentiated carcinoma.
- Spread is through direct extension and lymphatics.
Epistaxis
- Bleeding from the nose.
- Causes of epistaxis include general conditions such as hypertension, blood diseases, leukemia, lymphoma, vitamin deficiencies, and fever as well as local causes such as trauma, inflammation, and tumors.
Laryngitis
- Inflammation of the larynx.
- Acute laryngitis can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, chemical irritation, or mechanical irritation.
- Chronic laryngitis can be non-specific (due to chronic irritation) or specific (due to laryngioscleroma, tuberculosis, or syphilis).
Laryngeal Nodule
- Common lesion (reactive nodules) in the middle 1/3 of the true vocal cord.
- Etiology is related to excessive use of the voice and irritation, especially in singers and teachers.
- Pathology includes a firm, rounded nodule covered by mucosa with a core of myxoid connective tissue, dilated blood vessels, fibrosis, and mild chronic inflammatory infiltrate.
Tumors of the Larynx
- Squamous cell papilloma is a benign tumor of the larynx.
- Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant epithelial neoplasm of the larynx.
- Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma include smoking, alcohol use, exposure to asbestos, irradiation, and HPV.
- Squamous cell carcinoma can present as an ulcerated or fungating mass and ranges from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated.
- Spread of squamous cell carcinoma is by direct extension and lymphatics.
- Verrocous carcinoma is a specific subtype of squamous cell carcinoma with a superficial invasive pattern and a very good prognosis.
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Description
Explore the anatomy and histology of the upper respiratory tract, including the nose, paranasal sinuses, and larynx. This quiz also covers conditions like rhinitis and tonsillitis, detailing their causes and symptoms. Test your knowledge on these crucial topics related to respiratory health.
