Upper Limb Osteology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is another name for the scapula?

Shoulder blade

What are the two bones that make up the pectoral girdle?

Scapula and clavicle

What type of joint connects the humerus to the scapula?

Glenohumeral joint

What is the name of the groove on the shaft of the clavicle?

Subclavian groove Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is the largest bone in the upper limb?

Humerus Signup and view all the answers

What are the two prominent features on the shaft of the humerus?

Deltoid tuberosity and oblique radial groove Signup and view all the answers

What are the two articular surfaces of the distal end of the humerus?

Capitulum and trochlea Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the medial and longer of the two forearm bones.

Ulna Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the prominent projection on the proximal end of the ulna?

Olecranon Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the notch on the proximal end of the ulna that receives the head of the radius?

Radial notch Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the lateral and shorter of the two forearm bones?

Radius Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the concavity on the medial aspect of the distal end of the radius?

Ulnar notch Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the ridge-like structure on the lateral aspect of the distal end of the radius?

Radial styloid process Signup and view all the answers

What are the small bones that make up the wrist?

Carpals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a carpal bone?

Trapezius Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the hook-like process of the hamate bone?

Hook of hamate Signup and view all the answers

What are the bones that make up the palm of the hand?

Metacarpals Signup and view all the answers

What are the bones that make up the fingers?

Phalanges Signup and view all the answers

The first metacarpal (thumb) is the shortest and thickest of the metacarpals.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common site for a fracture of the clavicle?

The junction of the middle and lateral thirds of the clavicle Signup and view all the answers

Fractures of the scapula are usually the result of minor trauma.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following anatomical structures is NOT in direct contact with the humerus at the site of a surgical neck fracture?

Radial nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common site for a fracture of the humerus?

Surgical neck, shaft, and supracondylar regions Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Upper Limb Osteology

The upper limbs are divided into 4 segments: pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle), arm (humerus), forearm (radius and ulna), and hand (carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges).
The scapula, also known as the shoulder blade, is a triangular, flat bone situated on the posterolateral aspect of the thorax, overlapping ribs 2–7.
The scapula has a body (shaft), a lateral surface, a convex posterior surface, a concave costal surface, and borders.
The scapula's body has a superior angle, an inferior angle, a superior border, an axillary border, and a medial border.
The body is triangular, thin and translucent, superior and inferior to the scapular spine.
The lateral surface is the surface that faces the humerus.
It has a fossa called the glenoid fossa, which is the site of the glenohumeral joint.
Has two tubercles: supraglenoid and infraglenoid tubercles.
The long head of biceps brachii attaches to the supraglenoid tubercle and the long head of triceps brachii attaches to the infraglenoid tubercle.
The convex surface is divided by a thick projecting ridge, the spine.
This divides it into a supraspinous fossa and an infraspinous fossa.
The spine continues laterally as the flat expanded acromion, which articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle.
The concave costal surface forms a large subscapularis fossa (attachment for subscapularis muscle).
The coracoid process is a hook-like projection anterolaterally, superior to the glenoid cavity; three muscles attach to it.
The superior border has the suprascapular notch, which is where the superior border joins the base of the coracoid process.
The thin medial border is approximately 5 cm lateral to the thoracic vertebrae.
The lateral border runs superolaterally towards the apex of the axilla.
Fractures of the scapula are usually a result of severe trauma (e.g., pedestrian vehicle accidents).
Most require little treatment because the scapula is covered by muscles, and often involve the protruding subcutaneous acromion.

Clavicle

Also called the collarbone, it's a long, slightly curved bone shaped like an "S".
It connects the upper limb to the trunk, keeping the shoulder blade in position.
It extends between the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula.
It has a sternal end, a shaft, and an acromial end.
The shaft: its medial two-thirds are convex anteriorly, while the lateral third is flattened and concave anteriorly. These curvatures increase the clavicle's resilience and give it the "S" shape.
On the medial third of the shaft, there is a subclavian groove, for the subclavius muscle attachment.
The sternal end is enlarged and triangular, articulating with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint.
The acromial end is flat where it articulates with the acromion of the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint.
The conoid tubercle, near the acromial end, gives attachment to the conoid ligament, the medial part of the coracoclavicular ligament.
The trapezoid ligament attaches to the trapezoid line, the lateral part of the coracoclavicular ligament.
Fractures of the clavicle are common, especially in children.
These are often caused by indirect forces transmitted from an outstretched hand, through the forearm and arm to the shoulder during a fall.
Alternatively, the clavicle can be fractured by a fall directly onto the shoulder. The weakest part of the clavicle is the junction of the middle and lateral thirds.

Humerus

The largest bone in the upper limb, articulating with the glenoid cavity of the scapula at the glenohumeral joint and with the radius and ulna at the elbow joint.
It has a proximal end, a shaft (body), and a distal end.
The proximal end has a head, a neck, and greater and lesser tubercles.
The head, shaped like a ball, articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
The neck is the narrow part distal to the head; the commonest site for fracture.
The anatomical neck is formed by the intertubercular groove, separating the greater and lesser tubercles.
The greater tubercle is at the lateral margin, while the lesser tubercle projects anteriorly.
The shaft (body) has the deltoid tuberosity laterally, for deltoid muscle attachment.
It has an oblique radial groove posteriorly, housing the radial nerve and deep artery of the arm.
The inferior end of the humeral shaft widens, forming the supracondylar ridges (medial and lateral).
The distal end includes the trochlea, capitulum, and fossae (olecranon, coronoid, and radial).
The trochlea and capitulum together make up the condyle of the humerus.
The trochlea is a medial, spool-shaped surface for articulation with the ulna, and the capitulum is lateral, articulating with the radius.
The fossae of the distal end (olecranon, coronoid, radial) receive the corresponding processes of the ulna during elbow flexion and extension.
Fractures of the humerus are common and commonly occur at the surgical neck, shaft, or supracondylar regions.
When fractured, nerves (axillary, radial, profunda brachial, median, and ulnar) and vessels can be injured by the fracture.

Bones of the Forearm (Ulna and Radius)

The ulna is the medial and longer of the two forearm bones.
Articulates with the trochlea of the humerus at the elbow joint, and with the radius proximally and distally.
Has a proximal end (olecranon and coronoid process), a shaft (body), and a distal end (ulnar notch and styloid process).
The proximal end is for articulation with the humerus; the olecranon and coronoid process are projections on its posterior and anterior aspects.
The trochlear notch and the coronoid process form the walls of the trochlear notch.
The coronoid process has the tuberosity for attachment of the brachialis muscle.
The lateral side of the coronoid process has the radial notch for the radius.
The ulna's shaft (body) is relatively straight and progressively widens distally.
The distal end has the ulnar notch to articulate with the radius.
The radius is the lateral and shorter forearm bone.
- Proximal end includes a head, neck, and radial tuberosity.
- The proximal end articulates with the capitulum of the humerus; the head is a disc-like component.
- The radial tuberosity is medial and important for muscle attachment.
- The shaft (body) of the radius is cylindrical proximally and gradually increases in size distally.
- The distal end of the radius forms the lateral aspect of the wrist. It has a styloid process protruding laterally.
- The ulnar notch of the radius articulates with the ulna.

Bones of the Hand (Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges)

The wrist (carpus) is composed of eight carpal bones (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform; trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate) arranged in proximal and distal rows of four.
Carpals contribute to wrist flexibility. The carpus is markedly convex from side to side posteriorly and concave anteriorly.
The 8 carpals are: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate.,
Metacarpals form the palm of the hand (5 metacarpals, numbered 1–5 from thumb to pinky). Each metacarpal has a body, proximal base, and distal head.
- The first metacarpal (thumb) is the shortest and thickest.
Each finger (except the thumb) has 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal); the thumb has only 2 (proximal and distal).
Phalanges are rod-like bones that form the fingers.

Applied Anatomy

Describes common fracture patterns and associated injuries for the scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, and hand bones.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the upper limb, focusing on the pectoral girdle, arm, forearm, and hand. This quiz covers key details about the scapula, including its structure and the associated muscles. Perfect for students of anatomy and medical professionals alike.