Shoulder joints

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Questions and Answers

Which bone is part of the shoulder girdle?

  • Ulna
  • Scapula (correct)
  • Radius
  • Humerus

What is the orientation of the sternal end of the clavicle?

  • Flat and smooth
  • Thicker and flat
  • Thicker and convex (correct)
  • Thinner and irregular

What type of ossification process is involved in the formation of the clavicle?

  • Only endochondral ossification
  • Both intramembranous and endochondral ossification (correct)
  • Only intramembranous ossification
  • No ossification occurs

Which part of the clavicle articulates with the sternum?

<p>Sternal end (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bony marking is found on the inferior surface of the clavicle?

<p>Impression for costoclavicular ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the acromial end of the clavicle?

<p>It is flat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the free part of the upper limb?

<p>Clavicle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the subclavian groove on the clavicle?

<p>Insertion of the subclavius muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the clavicle articulates with the acromion?

<p>Acromial end (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament connects the coracoid process of the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus?

<p>Coracohumeral ligament (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the majority of clavicle fractures typically occur according to the Allman classification?

<p>In the middle third (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments are formed by the conoid and trapezoid tubercles on the clavicle?

<p>Coracoclavicular ligament (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint classified as?

<p>Plane joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures serves as a support mechanism to compensate for instability in the glenohumeral joint?

<p>Rotator cuff muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the spine of the scapula?

<p>Most prominent feature of the posterior scapula (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone is the scapula classified as?

<p>Flat triangular bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the acromioclavicular ligament?

<p>Provide stability to the shoulder girdle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles originates from the subscapular fossa?

<p>Subscapularis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the scapula forms the articular fossa for the glenohumeral joint?

<p>Glenoid cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms are commonly associated with a clavicle fracture?

<p>Swelling and focal tenderness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which angle is not a part of the scapula's anatomical features?

<p>Trochanteric angle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which articular head is associated with the humeroulnar joint?

<p>Trochlea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the olecranon fossa on the humerus?

<p>To accommodate the olecranon of the ulna (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint allows only very limited movements?

<p>Sternoclavicular joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

<p>Simple plane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is NOT associated with the sternoclavicular joint?

<p>Coracoclavicular ligament (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the coronoid fossa located on the humerus?

<p>Ventralmedially on the condyle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The radial fossa on the humerus serves to accommodate which structure?

<p>Head of the radius (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the elbow classified as?

<p>Hinge joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the sternoclavicular joint?

<p>Ball-and-socket (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints is primarily involved in pronation and supination of the forearm?

<p>Distal radio-ulnar joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the attachment site for the pectoralis major muscle on the humerus?

<p>Crest of greater tubercle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the humerus is located beneath the head and is described as a narrow section?

<p>Surgical neck (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure on the shaft of the humerus provides an insertion point for the deltoid muscle?

<p>Deltoid tuberosity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is located in the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus?

<p>Biceps tendon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is a part of the condyle of the humerus?

<p>Medial epicondyle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the nutrient foramen on the humerus allow?

<p>Entrance of vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the greater tubercle from the lesser tubercle on the humerus?

<p>Projection direction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which groove is specifically associated with the radial nerve on the humerus?

<p>Radial groove (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus?

<p>Origin points for forearm muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of the humerus is considered the widened distal end?

<p>Condyle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Clavicle

The collar bone, an S-shaped bone part of the pectoral girdle.

Pectoral Girdle

The shoulder girdle, comprising the clavicle and scapula supporting the upper limb.

Scapula

The shoulder blade; part of the pectoral girdle.

Sternal End of Clavicle

The thick end of the clavicle that connects to the sternum.

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Acromial End of Clavicle

The flat end of the clavicle that connects to the acromion of the scapula.

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Costoclavicular Ligament

A ligament connecting the clavicle to the first rib.

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Sternoclavicular Joint

The joint between the sternal end of the clavicle and the sternum.

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3 Parts of Clavicle

Sternal end, body and acromial end

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Bones of the Upper Limb

The bones that make up the upper limb including shoulder girdle and free upper limb.

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Free part of Upper Limb

Part of the upper limb; includes humerus, ulna, radius and hand bones.

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Carpal Bones

Wrist bones

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Humerus Head

The rounded, articular portion of the humerus that forms the shoulder joint.

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Anatomical Neck

The narrow constriction below the head of the humerus, where the articular capsule attaches.

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Greater Tubercle

A large bony projection on the lateral (outer) aspect of the humeral head.

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Lesser Tubercle

A smaller projection on the medial (inner) aspect of the humeral head.

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Intertubercular Sulcus

The groove between the greater and lesser tubercles, a pathway for tendons.

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Surgical Neck

A narrow part of the humerus below the head, prone to fractures.

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Deltoid Tuberosity

A roughened area on the shaft of the humerus where the deltoid muscle attaches.

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Radial Groove

An oblique groove on the posterior humeral shaft, housing the radial nerve.

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Medial Epicondyle

Bony projection on the medial (inside) condyle of the humerus.

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Lateral Epicondyle

Bony projection on the lateral (outside) condyle of the humerus.

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Clavicle Shaft

The long part of the clavicle bone, also known as corpus claviculae.

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Subclavian Groove

A groove on the clavicle's underside for the subclavius muscle to attach.

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Acromial End of Clavicle

The flattened end of the clavicle that connects to the acromion of the scapula.

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Acromial Facet

The area on the acromial end of the clavicle where it joins the acromion.

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Coracoclavicular tuberosity

A raised part on the acromial end of the clavicle for ligaments to attach to.

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Conoid Tubercle

One part of the coracoclavicular tuberosity; a small bump where a ligament attaches.

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Trapezoid Line

Another part of the coracoclavicular tuberosity, a line for ligament attachment.

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Clavicle Fracture Middle-Third

Common type of clavicle fracture, usually caused by falling directly on the shoulder.

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Scapula

A triangular bone connecting to the rib cage by muscles.

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Costal Surface of Scapula

The part of the scapula facing the ribs.

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Subscapular Fossa

The area on the scapula's costal surface where the subscapularis muscle attaches.

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Spine of Scapula

A prominent ridge on the dorsal (back) surface of the scapula.

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Capitulum (humerus)

Articular head of the humeroradial joint.

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Trochlea (humerus)

Articular head of the humeroulnar joint.

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Olecranon fossa

Dorsal humerus part; holds olecranon when forearm extends.

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Coronoid fossa

Humerus part; holds coronoid process during forearm flexion.

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Radial fossa

Humerus part; holds radial head when forearm flexes.

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Sternoclavicular joint

Joint between clavicle and sternum.

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Acromioclavicular joint

Joint between clavicle and acromion.

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Glenohumeral joint

Shoulder joint (humerus and scapula)

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Elbow Joint

Joint between humerus, ulna, and radius.

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Synovial joint

Common joint type in upper limbs.

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Acromioclavicular Joint

The joint where the acromion of the scapula meets the clavicle.

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Glenohumeral Joint

Ball-and-socket joint connecting the arm bone (humerus) to the shoulder blade, allowing a wide range of motion.

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Articular Surfaces (Acromioclavicular)

The specific contact areas on the acromion and clavicle.

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Coraco-acromial Ligament

Connects the coracoid process to the acromion. Lies over the glenohumeral joint.

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Glenohumeral Ligaments

Three ligaments within the shoulder capsule; strengthen the glenohumeral joint.

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Coracoclavicular Ligaments

Two ligaments linking the coracoid process to the clavicle; helping to hold the shoulder in place.

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Articular Capsule (Glenohumeral)

Connects the humerus' neck and glenoid cavity, limiting the shoulder's range of motion.

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Trapezoid Ligament

One of the two coracoclavicular ligaments; part of the shoulder.

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Conoid Ligament

Other ligament of the coracoclavicular ligament.

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Coracohumeral Ligament

A ligament connecting the coracoid process to the greater tubercle of the humerus.

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Articular Disc

A cartilaginous structure found in some joints, not always present.

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Study Notes

Upper Limb Anatomy

  • The upper limb is divided into the shoulder girdle and the free part of the upper limb
  • Major regions of the upper limb include: shoulder, axilla, arm, forearm, carpal, and hand regions
  • The shoulder region includes the pectoral, scapular, deltoid, and lateral cervical regions and overlays the pectoral girdle
  • The axilla is the armpit
  • The arm is the area between the shoulder and elbow
  • The cubital region is at the elbow
  • The forearm is the area between the elbow and wrist
  • The carpal region is at the wrist
  • The hand has palmar and dorsal surfaces

Bones of the Upper Limb

  • The pectoral girdle includes the clavicle and scapula
  • Clavicle (collar bone): S-shaped, with a medial convexity pointing ventrally. It's part of the pectoral girdle and articulates with the scapula and sternum. It ossifies through intramembranous and endochondral ossification. It has 3 main parts: sternal end, body, and acromial end. The sternal end is thicker than the acromial end
  • Scapula (shoulder blade): A flat triangular bone connected to the posterior aspect of the thorax by muscles at the level of the 2nd to 7th rib. It's part of the pectoral girdle, and has a large dorsal spine. It features an acromion, which is the lateral extension of the spine
  • Humerus: A long bone of the upper limb, consisting of a head, shaft, and a condyle. Projections (greater and lesser tubercles) are located on the head of the humerus—they serve as insertion sites for the rotator cuff muscles; the radial nerve runs along the shaft, within the radial groove.

Joints of the Upper Limb

  • Sternoclavicular Joint: a complex joint with limited movements, cooperating with other joints of the pectoral girdle.
  • Acromioclavicular joint: a simple plane joint with limited movement and an articular disc.
  • Glenohumeral joint: a ball-and-socket joint with the greatest movement in the human body. The joint has great instability; this is compensated for by the rotator cuff muscles.
  • Other joints: radio-ulnar syndesmosis, distal radio-ulnar, wrist joint, and joints of the hand

Muscles of the Upper Limb

  • Muscles of the upper limb proper include: shoulder joint muscles, arm muscles, forearm muscles, and hand muscles
  • Muscles of the shoulder joint: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, and Subscapularis are the rotator cuff muscles
  • Deltoid: a multipennate muscle with 3 parts: spinal, acromial, and clavicular. Assists with various arm movements

Clinical Correlations

  • Clavicle fractures are categorized by location (using the Allman classification) and treatment is tailored to the fracture site
  • Shoulder dislocations are frequent, typically antero-inferior
  • Referred pain may indicate involvement of the phrenic or supraclavicular nerve

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