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Questions and Answers
Which bone is part of the shoulder girdle?
Which bone is part of the shoulder girdle?
What is the orientation of the sternal end of the clavicle?
What is the orientation of the sternal end of the clavicle?
What type of ossification process is involved in the formation of the clavicle?
What type of ossification process is involved in the formation of the clavicle?
Which part of the clavicle articulates with the sternum?
Which part of the clavicle articulates with the sternum?
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Which bony marking is found on the inferior surface of the clavicle?
Which bony marking is found on the inferior surface of the clavicle?
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What distinguishes the acromial end of the clavicle?
What distinguishes the acromial end of the clavicle?
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Which of the following bones is NOT part of the free part of the upper limb?
Which of the following bones is NOT part of the free part of the upper limb?
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What is the primary function of the subclavian groove on the clavicle?
What is the primary function of the subclavian groove on the clavicle?
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Which part of the clavicle articulates with the acromion?
Which part of the clavicle articulates with the acromion?
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Which ligament connects the coracoid process of the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus?
Which ligament connects the coracoid process of the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus?
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Where do the majority of clavicle fractures typically occur according to the Allman classification?
Where do the majority of clavicle fractures typically occur according to the Allman classification?
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Which ligaments are formed by the conoid and trapezoid tubercles on the clavicle?
Which ligaments are formed by the conoid and trapezoid tubercles on the clavicle?
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What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint classified as?
What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint classified as?
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Which of the following structures serves as a support mechanism to compensate for instability in the glenohumeral joint?
Which of the following structures serves as a support mechanism to compensate for instability in the glenohumeral joint?
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What is the significance of the spine of the scapula?
What is the significance of the spine of the scapula?
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What type of bone is the scapula classified as?
What type of bone is the scapula classified as?
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What is the primary function of the acromioclavicular ligament?
What is the primary function of the acromioclavicular ligament?
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Which of the following muscles originates from the subscapular fossa?
Which of the following muscles originates from the subscapular fossa?
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Which part of the scapula forms the articular fossa for the glenohumeral joint?
Which part of the scapula forms the articular fossa for the glenohumeral joint?
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What symptoms are commonly associated with a clavicle fracture?
What symptoms are commonly associated with a clavicle fracture?
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Which angle is not a part of the scapula's anatomical features?
Which angle is not a part of the scapula's anatomical features?
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Which articular head is associated with the humeroulnar joint?
Which articular head is associated with the humeroulnar joint?
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What is the function of the olecranon fossa on the humerus?
What is the function of the olecranon fossa on the humerus?
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Which joint allows only very limited movements?
Which joint allows only very limited movements?
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What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?
What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?
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Which ligament is NOT associated with the sternoclavicular joint?
Which ligament is NOT associated with the sternoclavicular joint?
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Where is the coronoid fossa located on the humerus?
Where is the coronoid fossa located on the humerus?
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The radial fossa on the humerus serves to accommodate which structure?
The radial fossa on the humerus serves to accommodate which structure?
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What type of joint is the elbow classified as?
What type of joint is the elbow classified as?
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What is the shape of the sternoclavicular joint?
What is the shape of the sternoclavicular joint?
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Which of the following joints is primarily involved in pronation and supination of the forearm?
Which of the following joints is primarily involved in pronation and supination of the forearm?
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What is the attachment site for the pectoralis major muscle on the humerus?
What is the attachment site for the pectoralis major muscle on the humerus?
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Which part of the humerus is located beneath the head and is described as a narrow section?
Which part of the humerus is located beneath the head and is described as a narrow section?
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Which structure on the shaft of the humerus provides an insertion point for the deltoid muscle?
Which structure on the shaft of the humerus provides an insertion point for the deltoid muscle?
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What is located in the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus?
What is located in the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus?
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Which of the following structures is a part of the condyle of the humerus?
Which of the following structures is a part of the condyle of the humerus?
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What does the nutrient foramen on the humerus allow?
What does the nutrient foramen on the humerus allow?
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What distinguishes the greater tubercle from the lesser tubercle on the humerus?
What distinguishes the greater tubercle from the lesser tubercle on the humerus?
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Which groove is specifically associated with the radial nerve on the humerus?
Which groove is specifically associated with the radial nerve on the humerus?
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What is the primary function of the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus?
What is the primary function of the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus?
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Which feature of the humerus is considered the widened distal end?
Which feature of the humerus is considered the widened distal end?
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Study Notes
Upper Limb Anatomy
- The upper limb is divided into the shoulder girdle and the free part of the upper limb
- Major regions of the upper limb include: shoulder, axilla, arm, forearm, carpal, and hand regions
- The shoulder region includes the pectoral, scapular, deltoid, and lateral cervical regions and overlays the pectoral girdle
- The axilla is the armpit
- The arm is the area between the shoulder and elbow
- The cubital region is at the elbow
- The forearm is the area between the elbow and wrist
- The carpal region is at the wrist
- The hand has palmar and dorsal surfaces
Bones of the Upper Limb
- The pectoral girdle includes the clavicle and scapula
- Clavicle (collar bone): S-shaped, with a medial convexity pointing ventrally. It's part of the pectoral girdle and articulates with the scapula and sternum. It ossifies through intramembranous and endochondral ossification. It has 3 main parts: sternal end, body, and acromial end. The sternal end is thicker than the acromial end
- Scapula (shoulder blade): A flat triangular bone connected to the posterior aspect of the thorax by muscles at the level of the 2nd to 7th rib. It's part of the pectoral girdle, and has a large dorsal spine. It features an acromion, which is the lateral extension of the spine
- Humerus: A long bone of the upper limb, consisting of a head, shaft, and a condyle. Projections (greater and lesser tubercles) are located on the head of the humerus—they serve as insertion sites for the rotator cuff muscles; the radial nerve runs along the shaft, within the radial groove.
Joints of the Upper Limb
- Sternoclavicular Joint: a complex joint with limited movements, cooperating with other joints of the pectoral girdle.
- Acromioclavicular joint: a simple plane joint with limited movement and an articular disc.
- Glenohumeral joint: a ball-and-socket joint with the greatest movement in the human body. The joint has great instability; this is compensated for by the rotator cuff muscles.
- Other joints: radio-ulnar syndesmosis, distal radio-ulnar, wrist joint, and joints of the hand
Muscles of the Upper Limb
- Muscles of the upper limb proper include: shoulder joint muscles, arm muscles, forearm muscles, and hand muscles
- Muscles of the shoulder joint: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, and Subscapularis are the rotator cuff muscles
- Deltoid: a multipennate muscle with 3 parts: spinal, acromial, and clavicular. Assists with various arm movements
Clinical Correlations
- Clavicle fractures are categorized by location (using the Allman classification) and treatment is tailored to the fracture site
- Shoulder dislocations are frequent, typically antero-inferior
- Referred pain may indicate involvement of the phrenic or supraclavicular nerve
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Description
Explore the anatomy of the upper limb, including its major regions such as the shoulder, arm, and hand. Understand the structure of the bones that make up the pectoral girdle and their unique characteristics. This quiz will test your knowledge on the key components and terminology of upper limb anatomy.
