Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the rhomboid major and minor muscles?
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the rhomboid major and minor muscles?
- Long Thoracic Nerve
- Nerve to the Subclavius
- Dorsal Scapular Nerve (correct)
- Suprascapular Nerve
What is a potential cause of long thoracic nerve damage?
What is a potential cause of long thoracic nerve damage?
- Compression of the nerve by muscle spasm of the scalenes
- Carrying heavy backpacks
- Poorly fitted crutches
- All of the above (correct)
Which of the following muscles is NOT innervated by a branch of the brachial plexus?
Which of the following muscles is NOT innervated by a branch of the brachial plexus?
- Levator scapulae
- Serratus anterior
- Trapezius (correct)
- Subclavius
Which nerves arise from the roots of the brachial plexus?
Which nerves arise from the roots of the brachial plexus?
What is the functional classification of the long thoracic nerve?
What is the functional classification of the long thoracic nerve?
Which nerve is associated with 'scapular winging' when damaged?
Which nerve is associated with 'scapular winging' when damaged?
Which of the following nerves arises from the upper trunk of the brachial plexus?
Which of the following nerves arises from the upper trunk of the brachial plexus?
What is the primary function of the nerve to the subclavius?
What is the primary function of the nerve to the subclavius?
Which nerve is most commonly injured due to a humeral fracture at the surgical neck?
Which nerve is most commonly injured due to a humeral fracture at the surgical neck?
Which nerve is primarily responsible for innervating the deltoid muscle?
Which nerve is primarily responsible for innervating the deltoid muscle?
What is the nerve that innervates the thumb and web space?
What is the nerve that innervates the thumb and web space?
Which nerve is most susceptible to injury in tennis players who frequently perform overhead smashes?
Which nerve is most susceptible to injury in tennis players who frequently perform overhead smashes?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Quadrangular Space Syndrome?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Quadrangular Space Syndrome?
What is the primary reason why the term "terminal portions" is preferred over "terminal divisions" in the context of the Axillary Nerve?
What is the primary reason why the term "terminal portions" is preferred over "terminal divisions" in the context of the Axillary Nerve?
Which two nerve roots contribute mainly to the formation of the Axillary Nerve?
Which two nerve roots contribute mainly to the formation of the Axillary Nerve?
What is the common name for the cutaneous distribution of the Axillary Nerve?
What is the common name for the cutaneous distribution of the Axillary Nerve?
Which muscle(s) is/are innervated by the deep radial nerve, but NOT the radial nerve?
Which muscle(s) is/are innervated by the deep radial nerve, but NOT the radial nerve?
Which muscle in the antebrachium is innervated by a nerve originating from the brachial plexus?
Which muscle in the antebrachium is innervated by a nerve originating from the brachial plexus?
Which of the following nerves does NOT contribute to the innervation of the thumb muscles?
Which of the following nerves does NOT contribute to the innervation of the thumb muscles?
Which nerve is responsible for the sensation of the posterior aspect of the forearm?
Which nerve is responsible for the sensation of the posterior aspect of the forearm?
Which TWO muscles contribute to the deep head of the Flexor pollicis brevis?
Which TWO muscles contribute to the deep head of the Flexor pollicis brevis?
What components are included in the muscular branches of the nerves in the brachial plexus?
What components are included in the muscular branches of the nerves in the brachial plexus?
Which of the following correctly describes the organization of the brachial plexus?
Which of the following correctly describes the organization of the brachial plexus?
What is the path of re-assortment for the Ventral Primary Rami in the brachial plexus?
What is the path of re-assortment for the Ventral Primary Rami in the brachial plexus?
Which nerves are primarily involved in innervating the muscles of the upper extremity?
Which nerves are primarily involved in innervating the muscles of the upper extremity?
What term describes the classification of fibers that provide input from muscular and vascular elements?
What term describes the classification of fibers that provide input from muscular and vascular elements?
Which structure in the brachial plexus is labeled in relation to the axillary artery?
Which structure in the brachial plexus is labeled in relation to the axillary artery?
What is the spinal nerve root range from which the brachial plexus arises?
What is the spinal nerve root range from which the brachial plexus arises?
What does 'segmental innervation' refer to in the context of peripheral nerve distribution?
What does 'segmental innervation' refer to in the context of peripheral nerve distribution?
Which of the following muscles is NOT innervated by the median nerve?
Which of the following muscles is NOT innervated by the median nerve?
Which branch of the median nerve is responsible for supplying the palm?
Which branch of the median nerve is responsible for supplying the palm?
What is the primary function of the postganglionic GVE sympathetic axons distributed by the median nerve?
What is the primary function of the postganglionic GVE sympathetic axons distributed by the median nerve?
Which group of muscles is primarily affected by pronator teres syndrome?
Which group of muscles is primarily affected by pronator teres syndrome?
What characterizes the distribution of the median nerve to the hand?
What characterizes the distribution of the median nerve to the hand?
Which muscle is innervated by the anterior interosseous branch of the median nerve?
Which muscle is innervated by the anterior interosseous branch of the median nerve?
In carpal tunnel syndrome, which branch of the median nerve remains unaffected?
In carpal tunnel syndrome, which branch of the median nerve remains unaffected?
Which condition can cause symptoms in both the palmar cutaneous and common proper digital branches of the median nerve?
Which condition can cause symptoms in both the palmar cutaneous and common proper digital branches of the median nerve?
Which muscles are primarily innervated by the suprascapular nerve?
Which muscles are primarily innervated by the suprascapular nerve?
From which portion of the brachial plexus do the infraclavicular branches derive?
From which portion of the brachial plexus do the infraclavicular branches derive?
Which nerve innervates the upper and lower fibers of the pectoralis major?
Which nerve innervates the upper and lower fibers of the pectoralis major?
Which nerve is primarily responsible for the internal rotation of the shoulder?
Which nerve is primarily responsible for the internal rotation of the shoulder?
The musculocutaneous nerve is a terminal branch of which part of the brachial plexus?
The musculocutaneous nerve is a terminal branch of which part of the brachial plexus?
Which of the following muscles is NOT innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve?
Which of the following muscles is NOT innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve?
What sensory function is associated with the suprascapular nerve?
What sensory function is associated with the suprascapular nerve?
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the latissimus dorsi muscle?
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the latissimus dorsi muscle?
Flashcards
What is the brachial plexus?
What is the brachial plexus?
The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that originates from the ventral primary rami (VPR) of spinal nerve roots C5-T1 and innervates the upper limb.
What are the different organizational units of the brachial plexus?
What are the different organizational units of the brachial plexus?
The VPRs re-arrange themselves into different organizational units:
- Roots: The VPRs of C5-T1
- Trunks: Upper (C5 & C6), Middle (C7), and Lower (C8 & T1)
- Divisions: Anterior and Posterior branches of each VPR
- Cords: Lateral, Medial, and Posterior (related to the axillary artery)
- Branches: The final nerves that innervate specific muscles, structures, and skin areas.
What is the primary function of the brachial plexus?
What is the primary function of the brachial plexus?
The brachial plexus is responsible for the motor and sensory innervation of the arm, forearm, and hand.
What are the spinal nerve roots contributing to the brachial plexus?
What are the spinal nerve roots contributing to the brachial plexus?
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How is the lateral cord formed?
How is the lateral cord formed?
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How is the posterior cord formed?
How is the posterior cord formed?
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How is the medial cord formed?
How is the medial cord formed?
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What functions do the brachial plexus branches carry out?
What functions do the brachial plexus branches carry out?
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Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Dorsal Scapular Nerve
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Long Thoracic Nerve
Long Thoracic Nerve
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Nerve to the Subclavius
Nerve to the Subclavius
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Suprascapular Nerve
Suprascapular Nerve
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What spinal nerves form the Brachial Plexus?
What spinal nerves form the Brachial Plexus?
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What are the components of the Brachial Plexus?
What are the components of the Brachial Plexus?
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What are the major branches of the Brachial Plexus?
What are the major branches of the Brachial Plexus?
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What does the Radial Nerve innervate?
What does the Radial Nerve innervate?
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What does the Deep Radial Nerve Innervate?
What does the Deep Radial Nerve Innervate?
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What does the Median Nerve innervate?
What does the Median Nerve innervate?
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What does the Ulnar Nerve innervate?
What does the Ulnar Nerve innervate?
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What nerves innervate the thumb muscles?
What nerves innervate the thumb muscles?
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What does the C6 dermatome cover?
What does the C6 dermatome cover?
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Direct vs. Indirect Injury to the Musculocutaneous Nerve
Direct vs. Indirect Injury to the Musculocutaneous Nerve
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How can a humeral fracture affect the axillary nerve?
How can a humeral fracture affect the axillary nerve?
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Relationship between shoulder dislocation and axillary nerve
Relationship between shoulder dislocation and axillary nerve
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What is the origin of the axillary nerve?
What is the origin of the axillary nerve?
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Which muscles are supplied by the axillary nerve?
Which muscles are supplied by the axillary nerve?
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What is the 'regimental badge' area?
What is the 'regimental badge' area?
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Origin and Composition of the Median Nerve
Origin and Composition of the Median Nerve
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What cutaneous branches of the median nerve innervate the palm?
What cutaneous branches of the median nerve innervate the palm?
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What plexus does the median nerve come from?
What plexus does the median nerve come from?
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What muscle is a common site of median nerve entrapment?
What muscle is a common site of median nerve entrapment?
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What syndrome affects both the common proper digital branch and the palmar cutaneous branch?
What syndrome affects both the common proper digital branch and the palmar cutaneous branch?
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Lateral Pectoral Nerve
Lateral Pectoral Nerve
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What syndrome affects only the common proper digital branch branch?
What syndrome affects only the common proper digital branch branch?
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Medial Pectoral Nerve
Medial Pectoral Nerve
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What part of the median nerve innervates the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus muscles?
What part of the median nerve innervates the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus muscles?
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Upper Subscapular Nerve
Upper Subscapular Nerve
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Lower Subscapular Nerve
Lower Subscapular Nerve
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What branch of the median nerve innervates muscles in the thumb?
What branch of the median nerve innervates muscles in the thumb?
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Thoracodorsal Nerve
Thoracodorsal Nerve
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What muscle in the thenar eminence is not innervated by the median nerve?
What muscle in the thenar eminence is not innervated by the median nerve?
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Musculocutaneous Nerve
Musculocutaneous Nerve
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Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve (LACN)
Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve (LACN)
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Study Notes
Upper Extremity Peripheral Nerve Review
- This review is a reference for the neuroanatomy of the upper extremity
- Key areas of focus include:
- Brachial plexus components (roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches)
- Names of terminal nerves and their branches
- Nerves innervating extremity muscles
- Spinal nerve distribution to individual muscles (segmental innervation)
- Indicator muscles and reflexes for individual spinal nerve roots (MSR levels)
- Muscle actions are not covered; refer to other anatomy resources for those
- All muscular branches of nerves include somatic components (GSE, GSA, high/low threshold), vascular components (GVA, high/low threshold), and postganglionic GVE sympathetic fibers to muscles
- All cutaneous branches include somatic components (GSA, high/low threshold) vascular components (GVA, high/low threshold), and postganglionic sympathetic fibers to vascular elements
The Brachial Plexus
- Arises from the Ventral Primary Rami (VPR) of spinal nerve roots C5-T1
- VPR reorganize into:
- Roots (C5-T1)
- Trunks (upper-C5, C6; middle-C7; lower-C8,T1)
- Divisions (anterior and posterior from each trunk)
- Cords (lateral, medial, posterior)
- Terminal branches/nerves (musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, ulnar)
- Several nerves branch off the roots, trunks, and cords prior to terminal nerves
- The terminal nerves then have additional branches
Additional Details
- Nerves arising from roots include dorsal scapular, long thoracic nerves. These innervate rhomboid muscles, serratus anterior (long thoracic nerve). Significant weakness can be indicated by scapular winging.
- Nerves arising from trunks include (nerve to subclavius, suprascapular - innervates supraspinatus and infraspinatus).
- Infraclavicular branches derive from cords and include (lateral pectoral, medial pectoral, upper/lower subscapular, thoracodorsal which innervates latissimus dorsi).
- Details on various nerves also include cutaneous and muscular innervation, important clinical implications.
- Multiple illustrations of brachial plexus, nerves and their branches
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Description
This review provides a comprehensive reference for the neuroanatomy of the upper extremity, focusing on the brachial plexus, terminal nerves, and muscle innervation. It also covers spinal nerve distribution and reflex indicators without delving into muscle actions. For deeper anatomical insights beyond the scope of this review, supplementary resources are recommended.
