Upper Central Incisors (51;61)

• Intended learning outcomes include revising terminology for teeth landmarks, recording notation and chronology of primary dentition, and identifying tooth surface locations/anatomy.
• Expected to explain variations of primary and permanent teeth and reflect on application in clinical setting.
• The GDC learning outcomes for 2013 and 2023 include describing and identifying relevant dental and craniofacial anatomy.
• These outcomes emphasize explaining application and relevance to patient management, recognizing diversity of anatomy across patient populations.

Upper Central Incisors (51;61)

• The initial calcification occurs at 3-4 months in utero.
• The crown completion occurs at 4 months.
• Eruption occurs at 7.5 months.
• Root completion occurs at 1 ½ years.
• The crown is labially similar to permanent central incisors, but square rather than rectangular.
• Shorter crown length and bulkier.
• The mesial incisal angle is sharp and the distal incisal angle is rounded.
• The crown is concave palatally.
• Pronounced mesial and distal marginal ridges.
• Large cingulum is present.
• Observation shows bulky crown appearance mesially/distally.
• Cervical undulation is present.
• There is one root, inclining labially for permanent incisor eruption.
• There is one root canal containing two pulp horns, mesially and distally.

Upper Lateral Incisors (52;62)

• Initial calcification at 4 ½ months in utero.
• Crown completion at 5 months.
• Eruption time is 8-9 months.
• Root completion at 1 ½-2 years.
• The labial crown shape is less square than central incisors.
• The mesial incisal angle is sharp.
• The distal incisal angle is rounded.
• The palatal shape is concave.
• Well-defined marginal ridges.
• Definite, but less pronounced cingulum than central incisor.
• The crown appears bulky laterally.
• The tooth has cervical undulation.
• There is a single root.
• There is 1 root canal with 2 pulp horns, mesially & distally.

Upper Canine (53;63)

• Initial calcification occurs at 5 months in utero.
• The crown completes at 9 months.
• Eruption occurs at 16-20 months.
• The root completes at approximately 3 years.
• The crown shape is almost symmetrical.
• An enamel ridge runs from the crown tip to the cervical margin on the labial side.
• The enamel ridge creates mesial and distal depressions (fossae).
• The distal surface is slightly more rounded.
• Mesial and distal marginal ridges are present.
• Pronounced cingulum is present.
• Enamel ridge extends from cusp tip to cingulum, creating mesial/distal fossae.
• The crown is bulky when viewed mesially or distally.
• Cervical undulation is present.
• There is only one root.
• Only one root canal, no pulp horns.

Upper First Molar (54;64)

• Initial calcification occurs at 5 months in utero.
• The crown completes at 6 months.
• Eruption occurs at 12-16 months.
• The root completes at 2-2 ½ years.
• Two cusps buccally: large mesio-buccal (mb) and small disto-buccal (db).
• Two buccal roots, like upper permanent molars: mesio-buccal and disto-buccal.
• Central developmental groove is present.
• 2 palatal cusps: large mesio-palatal (mp) and small disto-palatal (dp).
• The tooth contains a single palatal root.
• Large bulge of enamel (tubercle of Zuckerkandl (Z)) cervically over the mesio-buccal root is seen from mesial view.
• The tooth contains 3 root canals and 4 pulp horns, one per cusp.

Upper Second Molar (55;65)

• Initial calcification occurs at 6 months in utero.
• The crown completes at 10-12 months.
• Eruption occurs at 1 ¾ -2 ½ years.
• The root completes at 3 years.
• Similar to maxillary permanent first molar.
• Consists of 4 cusps: Mesio-buccal, disto-buccal, mesio-palatal, disto-palatal.
• Possible palatal cusp of Carabelli.
• Consists of 2 buccal roots: mesio-buccal & disto-buccal.
• Oblique ridge between disto-buccal and mesio-palatal cusps.
• Mesio-palatal cusp is the largest.
• Disto-palatal cusp is the smallest.
• Disto-palatal groove.
• There is one palatal root.
• The tooth consists of 3 root canals
• The tooth consists of 4 pulp horns.

Lower Central Incisor (71;81)

• Initial calcification occurs at 4 ½ months in utero.
• The crown completes at 4 months.
• Eruption occurs at 6 ½ months.
• The root completes at 1 ½-2 years.
• Almost symmetrical labial view.
• Sharp mesial incisal angle.
• Rounded distal incisal angle.
• There is a single root and one root canal.
• Mesial and distal pulp horns.
• There is a large cingulum lingually.
• There are quite reduced mesial and distal marginal ridges.
• There is cervical undulation mesially and distally.

Lower Lateral Incisor (72;82)

• Initial calcification occurs at 4 ½ months in utero.
• The crown completes at 4 ½ months.
• Eruption occurs at 7 months.
• The root completes at 1 ½-2 years.
• Labially, the crown is fan-shaped with a long mesial side and shorter distal side.
• The mesio-incisal angle is sharp.
• The disto-incisal angle is rounded.
• Lingually, there is a large cingulum.
• Mesial and distal marginal ridges.
• There is one root, like the deciduous central incisor.
• One root canal with one mesial and one distal pulp horn.
• Mesially or distally the crown appears wedge-shaped and bulbous around the cervical region.
• The cervical region is undulated.

Lower Canine (73;83)

• Initial calcification occurs at 5 months in utero.
• The crown completes at 9 months.
• Eruption occurs at 16-20 months.
• The root completes at 2 ½ -3 years.
• The crown is convex labially.
• The mesial is shorter than the distal incisal slope.
• There is one root, triangular in cross-section, curving distally and labially.
• There is one root canal and no pulp horns.
• The crown is concave lingually.
• Mesial and distal marginal ridges are present.
• Poorly-defined ridge of enamel from the cusp tip to the cingulum, producing a mesial and distal fossa.
• The distal surface is more rounded.
• Cervical undulation on mesial & distal surfaces.
• The root is noted to be curved labially.

Lower First Molar (74;84)

• Initial calcification occurs at 5 months in utero.
• The crown completes at 6 months.
• Eruption occurs at 12-16 months.
• The root is complete at 2-2 ½ years.
• There are two cusps from the buccal aspect, mesio-buccal and disto-buccal.
• On the mesio-buccal cusp, in the cervical region, is a protuberance of enamel known as the tubercle of Zuckerkandl (tZ), like in the upper primary first molar.
• There are two cusps lingually.
• The lingual cusps include a large mesio-lingual and small disto-lingual.
• A ridge of enamel joins the mesio-lingual and mesio-buccal cusps occlusally.
• The ridge is the bucco-lingual crest and forms a small mesial and large distal fossa.
• The buccal cusps lean lingually.
• There are two divergent roots, one mesial and one distal.
• Both roots are flattened mesio-distally.
• The tooth consists of 2 root canals
• Consists of 3 pulp horns: 1 lingual, 1 mesio-buccal, and 1 disto-buccal.

Lower Second Molar (75;85)

• There are similarities to the mandibular permanent first molar.
• There are three cusps buccally: mesio-buccal, disto-buccal, and distal.
• Initial calcification occurs at 6 months in utero.
• The crown completes at 10-12 months.
• Eruption occurs at 1 ¾ -2 ½ years.
• The root completes at 3 years.
• There are two large lingual cusps, mesio-lingual and disto-lingual.
• The tooth has two divergent roots, mesial and distal.
• Roots are flattened mesio-distally.
• The tooth has 2 root canals and 4 pulp horns, one per cusp.
• The buccal cusps lean lingually when viewed from mesial or distal.