Study for test

Match an active form of vitamin A to its specific function:

Light if brought to focus behind the retina in this visual deficit, such that in the absence of the powerful accomodation response, it is difficult to focus clearly on nearby objects

Small firm nodule was excised in the left hand during surgical procedure. Conclusion of pathology report: neurofibroma. Most likely, morphologic features visible by light microscopy in this case:

Light shining on the retina will result in which of the following events?

1. Synthesis of rhodopsin from vitamin A
2. Hydrolysis of cyclic GMP
3. Generation of action potentials by rod photoreceptors
4. Hyperpolarization of cone photoreceptors

This structure, which receives afferents traveling in the inferior brachium, has projections to the superior temporal gyrus

By which feature the receptive fields of the simple cortical cells differ from those of LGN ones?Select one:

A person has unilateral hearing loss. Based only on this limited amount of information, which of the following statements best indicates a likely site of lesion? Select one:

Constriction of the pupil

1. Is mediated via sympathetic nerves
2. Can be elicited by light directed into one eye the optic nerve of which is cut
3. Increases the refractive power of the eye
4. Improves visual acuity

The focal length of the convex lens is 20 cm. At what distance from the lens should the object be so that the image size is the same as object size?

Which of the statements are correct describing phenomenon of neuroinflamation? Select one or more:

Assign the properties of photoreceptors to either rods or cones.

Which of the following statements about mechanism of light-induced signaling in retina is correct? Select one or more:

Which nucleus is damaged in Alzheimer's disease that projects cholinergic fibers to the cerebral cortex? Select one:

Which statement (s) about olfactory sensory cells is (are) correct? Select one or more:

What is the standing wave?

An encapsulated firm nodule of 1.3 cm excised from left forearm area during surgical procedure is examined by light microscopy: mixed areas of increased and decreased cellularity, also palisading pattern of neoplastic cells, rare mitoses are observed, no necrosis, no glomeruloid vascular proliferation are detected. Most likely it is:

Cortical area receiving input from the medial geniculate body is: Select one:

Sectioning of the mammillothalamic tract is likely to inhibit affrents to which of the following parts of the thalamus? Select one:

In case of convex lens, the ray parallel to the principal optical axis after refraction goes trough:

Axons of the retinal ganglion neurons project mainly to the: Select one:

Testing revealed blindness in the right eye; arteriograms of the circle of Willis and cerebral arterial supply showed a complete occlusion of the right internal carotid artery where it lyies within the cavernous sinus. This is due to decreased perfusion through wich branch of the internal carotid artery? Select one:

During accommodation for near vision:

1. The ciliary muscle constricts
2. The tension on lens ligaments increases
3. The curvature of the lens increases
4. The pupil dilates

In which manner the cells with spectral (color) selectivity are distributed in the primary visual cortex? Select one:

The otolith organs are responsible for ➢ producing the vestibular-ocular reflex ➢ producing rotatory nystagmus ➢ detecting angular acceleration ➢ detecting the position of the head in space

The optical system of eye is considered to be:

What image will be formed with a convex lens, if the object is between single and double focal length?

Which definition of the node of the standing wave is incorrect?

Which structure is NOT part of the Papez circuit?

What kind of waves can form the standing wave?

30 years old male patient was diagnosed with von Hippel - Lindau disease. Most likely the diagnosed disease of this patient may have manifested with:

Which of the following statements about a vitamin A are correct?

The anterior cerebral artery supplies all of the following structures except:

Which of the following statements about mechanism of light induced signaling in retina is correct?

A person has unilateral hearing loss. Based only on this limited amount of information, which of the following statements best indicates a likely site of lesion?

Which nucleus is damaged in Alzheimer's disease that projects cholinergic fibers to the cerebral cortex?

Delta wave activity in the electroencephalogram:

Refers to low frequency waves of very low amplitude Indicates that the patient is thinking deeply In the waking state is commoner in adults than in children On the left side (when there is alpha activity on the right side) suggests a left-sided brain abnormality

Olfactory impulses are relayed directly to the cerebral cortex by the:

A 39-year-old handball hustler reported that every time he looked at a court where he had lost a match in the finals of a tournament the previous year, his blood pressure went up. The most important neural link underlying this reaction was a projection from the "----------" to the "-------"*

What is true about the eye?

The pressure within the eye (the intraocular pressure) is about 15 mmHg The pupils constrict when the eye is focused on a near object. When light is shone in one eye, both pupils constrict. The diameter of the pupils is controlled exclusively by the sympathetic innervation.

Cortical area receiving input from the medial geniculate body is:

Which of the following compounds are necessary for NO biosynthesis?

The utricle: contains endolymph contains gravity receptors contains calcified granules can initiate reflex changes in muscle tone

A patient with the inability to recognize the source of sounds may be expected to have damage to which of the following nuclei?

Which statement about eye is correct?

Match the connections in the column on the left with the thalamic nuclei in the column on the right; a given thalamic nucleus may be used more than once or not at all.

Match the connections in the column on the left with the thalamic nuclei in the column on the right; a given thalamic nucleus may be used more than once or not at all.

If the focal length of the lens is 20 cm, the power of the lens is:

Which of the following structures is NOT involved with the sensation of taste?

Which of the statements are correct describing phenomenon of neuroinflamation?

Aphasia:

Causes loss of speech without paralysis of the speech muscles Usually results from right-sided cortical damage Is motor if a patient understands words but lacks the skills to express them Is sensory if caused by impairment of hearing

Neurons projecting directly to cerebral cortex without thalamic relay include:

Endolymph:

Is found in the scala media Has a potassium concentration close to that of intracellular fluid Bathes the cilia of the hair cells of the inner ear Is electrically positive with respect to perilymph

Match the type of damage in the visual pathway to its corresponding visual field defect:

Please match the nuclei of the amygdala with their respective roles:

Bilateral loss of hippocampus results in

Fornix connects hippocampus to

Hippocampal formation includes

Limbic system includes

The red arrow indicates:

Stria terminalis originates at:

Which of these structures is (are) included in limbic lobe?

Which of the nuclei of thalamus is (are) part of limbic system?

Which representation of the visual fields corresponds to a lesion at E?

What statement (statements) is (are) correct about detachment of the retina?

Paradoxical (rem) sleep

Is the first state of sleep entered when a person falls asleep Occurs only once during the night while other sleep stages occur several times Is associated with a cortical EEG pattern of delta (1-4hz) range activity Is characterized by rapid eye movements

Small firm nodule was excised in the left hand during surgical procedure. Conclusion of pathology report: schwannoma. Most likely morphologic features visible by light microscopy in this case:

Which statements about the auditory system are true?

The normal range of audible frequencies for humans is from 20hz to 50000hz (50kHz) For normal speech we need to hear approximately from 300Hz to 4kHz There is a linear relationship between increase in sound pressure and the perceived increase in loudness A time delay between the arrival of a sound at each ear is one way in which the direction of a sound can be localized

Which statement (s) about macule of the utricle is (are) correct?

Which statement (s) about amacrine cells of the retina is (are) correct?

An MRI of head area was performed for a 56 year old female, and a tumor mass was identified in the left frontal cerebral lobe. Most likely, morphologic feature(-s) of cerebral neoplasm observed in the image is/are:

Bilateral damage to which cortical region can result in color agnosia?

Occlusion of which artery would most severely comprise the blood supply to the visual cortex

Which nerve innervates teeth?

Fibers from this structure travel in the radiatio optica (meyer loop) before synapsing in the occipital lobe

Taste:

From the anterior of the tongue is transmitted via the chorda tympani For bitterness is transduced through a second messenger system For sourness (acid) is transduced by direct blockade of apical k+ channels on the receptor cells For saltiness is mainly located at the back of the tongue

19-year old college student is a member of the schools hockey team. During a recent game he had been hit forcefully in the right eye by an opponent's stick. Fortunately, no bones were fractured. Soon after the incident, he began to experience double vision (diplopia) when looking to his right. Which of the following nerves is MOST likely damaged?

Although 72-year old women was unconcerned herself, her daughters inspired mother examination, because her personality was changing drastically. For example, she now laughed inappropriately and seemed utterly unconcerned with things that had previously interested her. After examination neurologist suspected tumor. If the patient does have a tumor, which part of the brain is most likely being compressed by the tumor?

By which feature the receptive fields of the simple cortical cells differ from those of LGN?

When light is directed into one eye, the pupil:

Match the following responses to the location where the signal of light and activation of rhodopsin induce effects:

Identify the region indicated by the red circle

What supporting cells are located in the retina?

What cells are indicated by the arrows

What statement (statements) is (are) characteristic for taste buds:

Adaptation of the eyes for vision in poor light

Identify the structures pointed by the arrows

What is characteristic for olfactory sensory cells?

This structure has connections with the reticular system and plays an important role in cortical activation:

Learning and memory:

Which one of the following statements about photopigment is correct?

What statement about ear is correct?

What statement (statements) is (are) correct about aqueous humor of the eye?

The basilar membrane of the cochlea

Structure C is:

The cochlea is sectioned at its first spiral turn and the spiral organ of Corti is revealed at high magnification. Identify the space indicated by the asterisk

What statement(s) is (are) correct about canal of Schlemm

Tympanic membrane has a contact with:

A patient complains of difficulty seeing in dim light or at night. The impaired "----------" I adaptation of retina indicates the malfunction of "-------" and so called "----------". It is a result of "---------" "----------" as it is required for the regeneration of rhodopsin

Identify the structure noted by the green asterisk

Tile otolith organs are responsible for

1. producing the vestibular-ocular reflex
2. producing rotatory nystagmus
3. detecting angular acceleration
4. detecting the posttion oi the head in space

The region indicated with oval dashed line is "-------" and area indicated by the green asterisk is very important because here we may find "-------------"

Which statement(s) regarding embryological development of the eye is(are) correct?

Cerebral area concerned with spatial concepts, recognition of faces, music, and pictographic language

Which stablemen's about the auditory system are true?

1. The tympanic membranes tend to bulge inwards during descent in an airplane who~ cabin is not pressurized
2. The tympanic membrane has an area smaller than that of the oval window
3. Vibrations of the oval window exert more force per unit area than tile tympanic membrane vibrations
4. Sound waves sound twice as loud when !heir intensity is doubled

Most of the fibers in the anterior commissure interconnect the:

Analgesia produced by brain stimulation is mediated by:

1. neurons of tile periaqueductal gray matter in tile midbrain
2. raphe neurons
3. opiate receptors
4. enkephalins

Which of the following is the most likely cause inability to speak in a patient suffering from a stroke?

Select, which of the following features differ comparing photoreceptors of retina- rods and cones.

When the cochlea is sectioned at its first spiral turn and the spiral organ of Corti is revealed at high magnification, which structure is indicated by the arrow?

Learning and memory

1. Habituation is due to reduction of sensory signal
2. Long term potentiation lasts longer than half an hour
3. Declarative memory is saved in motor cortical areas
4. Long term potentiation requires strong influx of calcium ions

A 65-year-old man presents with persistent headaches and gradual visual field loss in his fight eye. Ophthalmic examination demonstrates high intraocular pressure. The patient is subsequently diagnosed with closed-angle glaucoma, caused by inadequate drainage of aqueous humor. Which of the following produce the aqueous humor of the eye?

Outer wall of the cochlear duct is made of:

In an individual with myopia:

What structures are indicated by the labels in this picture?

30 years old male patient was diagnosed with von Hippel - Lindau disease. Most likely the diagnosed disease of this patient may have manifested with:

Which statements about amacrine cells of the retina is (are) correct?

Photoreceptors: