NURS 3210 EXAM 4 Medications
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for fludrocortisone?

  • Mimics aldosterone, increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion (correct)
  • Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol
  • Inhibits the release of various hormones, including growth hormone
  • Suppresses inflammation and the normal immune response

    • Which of the following medications is indicated for the treatment of hypogonadism?

  • Fludrocortisone
  • Methylprednisolone
  • Testosterone (correct)
  • Prednisone

    • What is a common side effect of methylprednisolone?

  • Weight gain (correct)
  • Hypertension
  • Gallstones
  • Hypokalemia

    • Which medication can be used for diagnostic testing of adrenal function?

    <p>Cosyntropin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is a somatostatin analog?

    <p>Octreotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication can cause adrenal suppression as a serious side effect?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication can increase the risk of cardiovascular events?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is primarily used to treat inflammatory and allergic conditions?

    <p>Both b and c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of canagliflozin?

    <p>Inhibits sodium-glucose co-transporter 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serious side effect is associated with hydrocortisone?

    <p>Adrenal suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is indicated for hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Methimazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common side effect may occur with the use of canagliflozin?

    <p>Genital yeast infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of methylergonovine?

    <p>Increases uterine tone and contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mechanism of action for desmopressin?

    <p>Mimics vasopressin to increase water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class does prazosin belong to?

    <p>Alpha-1 adrenergic blocker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious side effect is linked to methimazole?

    <p>Hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common serious side effect of Medroxyprogesterone?

    <p>Thromboembolic events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class does Ethinyl Estradiol with Norethindrone belong to?

    <p>Combined oral contraceptive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one mechanism of action of Indomethacin?

    <p>Inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of Dexamethasone?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an indication for Choriogonadotropin-Alfa?

    <p>Infertility treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Ethinyl Estradiol with Norethindrone?

    <p>Inhibits ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is associated with a risk of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome?

    <p>Choriogonadotropin-Alfa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormonal class does Medroxyprogesterone belong to?

    <p>Progestin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of clomiphene?

    <p>Induces ovulation by increasing the release of gonadotropins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class does sildenafil belong to?

    <p>Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of levothyroxine?

    <p>Palpitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serious side effect is associated with oxytocin?

    <p>Water intoxication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main indication for using finasteride?

    <p>Benign prostatic hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism of action does propylthiouracil utilize?

    <p>Inhibits synthesis of thyroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is indicated for treating hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Propylthiouracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious side effect can result from finasteride use?

    <p>Increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of Glipizide?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism does Metformin use to regulate blood glucose?

    <p>Decreases hepatic glucose production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mechanism of action for Exenatide involves mimicking what?

    <p>Incretin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious side effect is associated with Acarbose?

    <p>Hepatotoxicity with long-term use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a serious side effect of Humulin 70/30?

    <p>Severe hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication class does Glipizide belong to?

    <p>Sulfonylurea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of glucagon?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main indication for prescribing Exenatide?

    <p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is specifically indicated for the treatment of infertility, promoting ovulation?

    <p>Clomiphene (not mentioned in the provided text, but a common infertility treatment)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these medications is a synthetic hormone used to stimulate the adrenal cortex and assess its function?

    <p>Cosyntropin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is commonly used as a treatment for acromegaly, a condition characterized by excessive growth hormone production?

    <p>Octreotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications, due to its mechanism of action, can lead to a serious side effect of hyperglycemia?

    <p>Octreotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication directly mimics the action of a naturally occurring hormone, leading to increased sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys?

    <p>Fludrocortisone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the medications listed is NOT a corticosteroid?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications has a mechanism of action that directly influences the development of male sex characteristics and muscle growth?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these medications is commonly used to treat inflammatory and allergic conditions, but can lead to a serious side effect of Cushing's syndrome?

    <p>Prednisone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is indicated for the treatment of severe hypoglycemia?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for Glipizide?

    <p>Stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is associated with a risk of lactic acidosis as a serious side effect?

    <p>Metformin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect associated with Exenatide?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication class delays carbohydrate absorption in the intestines?

    <p>Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for Humulin 70/30?

    <p>Lowers blood glucose by stimulating insulin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is indicated for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Humulin 70/30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is associated with a risk of pancreatitis as a serious side effect?

    <p>Exenatide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect associated with canagliflozin?

    <p>Genital yeast infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class does methylergonovine belong to?

    <p>Ergot alkaloids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious side effect is linked to desmopressin?

    <p>Water intoxication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication works by suppressing inflammation and the normal immune response?

    <p>Hydrocortisone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of prazosin?

    <p>Blocks alpha-1 adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of methimazole?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is indicated for diabetes insipidus?

    <p>Desmopressin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a serious side effect associated with hydrocortisone?

    <p>Cushing's syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a serious side effect associated with Medroxyprogesterone?

    <p>Thromboembolic events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the mechanism of action of Dexamethasone?

    <p>Suppresses inflammation and immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is indicated for infertility?

    <p>Choriogonadotropin-Alfa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common side effect can occur with the use of Ethinyl Estradiol with Norethindrone?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication's mechanism of action alters cervical mucus to prevent pregnancy?

    <p>Ethinyl Estradiol with Norethindrone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of Dexamethasone?

    <p>Mood changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serious side effect is linked to long-term use of Medroxyprogesterone?

    <p>Bone density loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of Indomethacin in the body?

    <p>Reduces prostaglandin synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication, commonly used for infertility treatment, works by stimulating ovarian follicular growth and promoting ovulation?

    <p>Menotropins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication, when used for post-partum hemorrhage, directly increases uterine tone and contractions?

    <p>Methylergonovine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these medications can cause a serious side effect of adrenal suppression due to its mechanism of action?

    <p>Hydrocortisone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication, while used for conditions like diabetes insipidus, may cause a serious side effect of hyponatremia due to its mechanism of action?

    <p>Desmopressin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication, used to treat hyperthyroidism, has a mechanism of action that directly inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

    <p>Methimazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these medications, while effective for its intended use, carries the risk of serious side effects like ketoacidosis and increased risk of amputations due to its mechanism of action?

    <p>Canagliflozin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication works by mimicking the action of vasopressin, increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys and decreasing urine output?

    <p>Desmopressin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication, commonly used for conditions like hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia, dilates blood vessels by blocking alpha-1 adrenergic receptors?

    <p>Prazosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient presents with symptoms consistent with Addison's disease, including fatigue, weakness, and weight loss. Which medication would likely be prescribed for the patient's condition?

    <p>Fludrocortisone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A male patient presents with delayed puberty. Which medication would most likely be prescribed to stimulate androgen production and promote normal development?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient is diagnosed with acromegaly, a condition caused by excessive growth hormone production. Which medication is typically used to manage this condition by inhibiting growth hormone release?

    <p>Octreotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient is receiving long-term corticosteroid therapy for a chronic inflammatory condition. Which serious side effect should the healthcare provider monitor for, as it can arise from prolonged corticosteroid use?

    <p>Adrenal Suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A female patient is experiencing irregular menstrual cycles and is considering using a hormonal contraceptive method. Which of the following medications works primarily by mimicking the action of estrogen and progesterone, effectively preventing ovulation?

    <p>Ethinyl Estradiol with Norethindrone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with a history of heart failure is prescribed a medication that can increase the risk of cardiovascular events. Which of the following medications would pose this risk?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with a history of diabetes mellitus is prescribed a medication that can cause hyperglycemia as a serious side effect. Which of the following medications would be associated with this risk?

    <p>Octreotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient is being evaluated for infertility. Which medication would be most likely prescribed to induce ovulation by stimulating the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)?

    <p>Clomiphene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus is experiencing severe hypoglycemia. Which medication would be the most appropriate immediate treatment option?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus is prescribed a medication that mimics the action of incretin. What is the primary mechanism of action of this medication?

    <p>Enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion and delaying gastric emptying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient experiencing severe hypoglycemia after insulin administration is given a medication to counteract the effects of insulin. Which medication class does this counteractant belong to?

    <p>Hyperglycemic agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these medications carries a significant risk of lactic acidosis as a serious side effect?

    <p>Metformin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient experiencing persistent nausea and vomiting after starting a new medication for type 2 diabetes mellitus is likely taking which medication?

    <p>Exenatide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient is prescribed a medication that stimulates insulin release from the pancreatic beta cells. What drug class does this medication belong to?

    <p>Sulfonylurea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus is prescribed a medication that delays carbohydrate absorption in the intestines. This medication is most likely from which drug class?

    <p>Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus is experiencing gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea. Which medication is most likely responsible for these side effects?

    <p>Metformin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is specifically indicated for fertility treatment in cases of anovulation?

    <p>Clomiphene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a serious side effect associated with the use of clomiphene?

    <p>Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication's mechanism of action involves inhibiting the conversion of T4 to T3?

    <p>Propylthiouracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is classified as a uterotonic agent?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class does sildenafil belong to, primarily used for erectile dysfunction?

    <p>Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common side effect is associated with the drug finasteride?

    <p>Decreased libido</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for oxytocin in inducing labor?

    <p>Stimulating uterine contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serious side effect is a potential risk associated with levothyroxine therapy?

    <p>Cardiac arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is indicated for treating infertility by stimulating ovulation?

    <p>Choriogonadotropin-Alfa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Ethinyl Estradiol with Norethindrone in preventing pregnancy?

    <p>Alters cervical mucus and suppresses ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serious side effect is associated with prolonged use of Medroxyprogesterone?

    <p>Bone density loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common side effects may be experienced with the use of Dexamethasone?

    <p>Weight gain and mood changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious side effect is shared by both Ethinyl Estradiol with Norethindrone and Choriogonadotropin-Alfa?

    <p>Multiple pregnancies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication functions by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and is primarily used for pain and inflammatory conditions?

    <p>Indomethacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable serious side effect associated specifically with Dexamethasone?

    <p>Cushing's syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medication does Choriogonadotropin-Alfa belong to?

    <p>Gonadotropin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fludrocortisone

    • Class: Corticosteroid
    • Action: Mimics aldosterone; increases sodium reabsorption, potassium excretion.
    • Uses: Addison's disease, salt-losing adrenogenital syndrome.
    • Common Side Effects: Hypertension, edema, hypokalemia.
    • Serious Side Effects: Adrenal suppression, heart failure.

    Methylprednisolone

    • Class: Corticosteroid
    • Action: Suppresses inflammation and immune response.
    • Uses: Inflammatory/allergic conditions, adrenal insufficiency.
    • Common Side Effects: Weight gain, increased appetite, mood changes.
    • Serious Side Effects: Adrenal suppression, Cushing's syndrome, osteoporosis.

    Prednisone

    • Class: Corticosteroid
    • Action: Suppresses inflammation and immune response.
    • Uses: Inflammatory/allergic conditions, adrenal insufficiency.
    • Common Side Effects: Weight gain, increased appetite, mood changes.
    • Serious Side Effects: Adrenal suppression, Cushing's syndrome, osteoporosis.

    Cosyntropin

    • Class: Synthetic ACTH
    • Action: Stimulates adrenal cortex; enhances cortisol, aldosterone, and androgen production.
    • Uses: Diagnostic testing for adrenal function.
    • Common Side Effects: Flushing, headache, rash.
    • Serious Side Effects: Hypersensitivity reactions.

    Testosterone

    • Class: Androgen
    • Action: Binds to androgen receptors; promotes male sex characteristics and muscle growth.
    • Uses: Treats hypogonadism, delayed puberty in males.
    • Common Side Effects: Acne, oily skin, increased RBC count.
    • Serious Side Effects: Liver toxicity, cardiovascular events, polycythemia.

    Octreotide

    • Class: Somatostatin analog
    • Action: Inhibits hormone release, including growth hormone.
    • Uses: Acromegaly, carcinoid tumors, VIPomas.
    • Common Side Effects: Diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea.
    • Serious Side Effects: Gallstones, hyperglycemia, hypothyroidism.

    Canagliflozin

    • Class: SGLT2 inhibitor
    • Action: Reduces glucose reabsorption, increases urinary glucose excretion.
    • Uses: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
    • Common Side Effects: Genital and urinary tract infections.
    • Serious Side Effects: Ketoacidosis, increased amputations risk.

    Prazosin

    • Class: Alpha-1 adrenergic blocker
    • Action: Dilates blood vessels by blocking alpha-1 receptors.
    • Uses: Hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia.
    • Common Side Effects: Dizziness, headache, drowsiness.
    • Serious Side Effects: Orthostatic hypotension, syncope.

    Hydrocortisone

    • Class: Corticosteroid
    • Action: Suppresses inflammation and immune response.
    • Uses: Inflammatory/allergic conditions, adrenal insufficiency.
    • Common Side Effects: Weight gain, increased appetite, mood changes.
    • Serious Side Effects: Adrenal suppression, Cushing's syndrome, osteoporosis.

    Desmopressin (DDAVP)

    • Class: Antidiuretic hormone analog
    • Action: Increases water reabsorption in kidneys, reducing urine output.
    • Uses: Diabetes insipidus, nocturnal enuresis, hemophilia A.
    • Common Side Effects: Headache, nausea, mild abdominal pain.
    • Serious Side Effects: Hyponatremia, water intoxication.

    Methimazole

    • Class: Antithyroid agent
    • Action: Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis.
    • Uses: Hyperthyroidism.
    • Common Side Effects: Rash, nausea, headache.
    • Serious Side Effects: Agranulocytosis, hepatotoxicity.

    Methylergonovine

    • Class: Ergot alkaloid
    • Action: Increases uterine tone and contractions.
    • Uses: Postpartum hemorrhage.
    • Common Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, headache.
    • Serious Side Effects: Hypertension, myocardial infarction.

    Menotropins

    • Class: Gonadotropins
    • Action: Stimulates ovarian follicular growth and spermatogenesis.
    • Uses: Infertility treatment.
    • Common Side Effects: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, multiple pregnancies.
    • Serious Side Effects: Thromboembolism, severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.

    Medroxyprogesterone

    • Class: Progestin
    • Action: Inhibits gonadotropin secretion to prevent ovulation.
    • Uses: Contraception, amenorrhea, endometrial hyperplasia prevention.
    • Common Side Effects: Weight gain, headache, mood changes.
    • Serious Side Effects: Thromboembolic events, bone density loss with long-term use.

    Ethinyl Estradiol with Norethindrone

    • Class: Combined oral contraceptive
    • Action: Suppresses ovulation, alters cervical mucus, changes the endometrium.
    • Uses: Contraception, menstrual regulation, acne treatment.
    • Common Side Effects: Nausea, breast tenderness, spotting.
    • Serious Side Effects: Thromboembolic events, hypertension.

    Dexamethasone

    • Class: Corticosteroid
    • Action: Suppresses inflammation and immune response.
    • Uses: Inflammatory conditions, cerebral edema, adrenal insufficiency.
    • Common Side Effects: Weight gain, increased appetite, mood changes.
    • Serious Side Effects: Adrenal suppression, Cushing's syndrome, osteoporosis.

    Indomethacin

    • Class: NSAID
    • Action: Inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2), reducing prostaglandin synthesis.
    • Uses: Inflammatory conditions, pain, fever.
    • Common Side Effects: Nausea, dyspepsia, headache.
    • Serious Side Effects: Gastrointestinal bleeding, cardiovascular events.

    Choriogonadotropin-Alfa

    • Class: Gonadotropin
    • Action: Stimulates ovulation and luteinization, testosterone production.
    • Uses: Infertility treatment.
    • Common Side Effects: Injection reactions, headache, fatigue.
    • Serious Side Effects: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, multiple pregnancies.

    Finasteride

    • Class: 5-alpha reductase inhibitor
    • Action: Inhibits testosterone conversion to DHT, reducing prostate size.
    • Uses: Benign prostatic hyperplasia, androgenetic alopecia.
    • Common Side Effects: Decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, breast tenderness.
    • Serious Side Effects: Increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer.

    Oxytocin

    • Class: Uterotonic agent
    • Action: Stimulates uterine contractions by increasing intracellular calcium.
    • Uses: Labor induction, postpartum hemorrhage.
    • Common Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, uterine hyperstimulation.
    • Serious Side Effects: Uterine rupture, water intoxication.

    Levothyroxine

    • Class: Thyroid hormone replacement
    • Action: Synthetic T4, converted to T3; regulates metabolism.
    • Uses: Hypothyroidism.
    • Common Side Effects: Palpitations, weight loss, anxiety.
    • Serious Side Effects: Hyperthyroidism symptoms, cardiac arrhythmias.

    Propylthiouracil (PTU)

    • Class: Antithyroid agent
    • Action: Inhibits thyroid hormones synthesis and T4 to T3 conversion.
    • Uses: Hyperthyroidism.
    • Common Side Effects: Rash, nausea, headache.
    • Serious Side Effects: Agranulocytosis, hepatotoxicity.

    Clomiphene

    • Class: Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
    • Action: Induces ovulation by increasing gonadotropin release.
    • Uses: Infertility due to anovulation.
    • Common Side Effects: Hot flashes, abdominal discomfort, bloating.
    • Serious Side Effects: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, multiple pregnancies.

    Sildenafil

    • Class: Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor
    • Action: Enhances nitric oxide effects; increases penile blood flow.
    • Uses: Erectile dysfunction.
    • Common Side Effects: Headache, flushing, dyspepsia.
    • Serious Side Effects: Priapism, sudden vision/hearing loss.

    Glucagon

    • Class: Hyperglycemic agent
    • Action: Stimulates hepatic glucose production from glycogen.
    • Uses: Severe hypoglycemia.
    • Common Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting.
    • Serious Side Effects: Hypersensitivity reactions.

    Humulin 70/30

    • Class: Combination insulin (70% NPH, 30% regular)
    • Action: Lowers blood glucose by enhancing glucose uptake and inhibiting hepatic production.
    • Uses: Diabetes mellitus.
    • Common Side Effects: Hypoglycemia, injection site reactions.
    • Serious Side Effects: Severe hypoglycemia, hypokalemia.

    Exenatide

    • Class: GLP-1 receptor agonist
    • Action: Mimics incretin; enhances insulin secretion and delays gastric emptying.
    • Uses: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
    • Common Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
    • Serious Side Effects: Pancreatitis, renal impairment.

    Glipizide

    • Class: Sulfonylurea
    • Action: Stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells.
    • Uses: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
    • Common Side Effects: Hypoglycemia, weight gain.
    • Serious Side Effects: Severe hypoglycemia, hepatotoxicity.

    Metformin

    • Class: Biguanide
    • Action: Decreases hepatic glucose production, increases insulin sensitivity.
    • Uses: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
    • Common Side Effects: Gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea.
    • Serious Side Effects: Lactic ac

    Fludrocortisone

    • Class: Corticosteroid
    • Action: Mimics aldosterone, enhancing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in kidneys.
    • Uses: Treatment of Addison's disease, salt-losing adrenogenital syndrome.
    • Common Side Effects: Hypertension, edema, hypokalemia.
    • Serious Side Effects: Adrenal suppression, heart failure.

    Methylprednisolone and Prednisone

    • Class: Corticosteroids
    • Action: Suppresses inflammation and normal immune response.
    • Uses: For inflammatory/allergic conditions and adrenal insufficiency.
    • Common Side Effects: Weight gain, increased appetite, mood changes.
    • Serious Side Effects: Adrenal suppression, Cushing's syndrome, osteoporosis.

    Cosyntropin

    • Class: Synthetic ACTH
    • Action: Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce key hormones (cortisol, aldosterone).
    • Uses: Diagnostic testing of adrenal function.
    • Common Side Effects: Flushing, headache, rash.
    • Serious Side Effects: Hypersensitivity reactions.

    Testosterone

    • Class: Androgen
    • Action: Binds to androgen receptors, promoting male characteristics and muscle growth.
    • Uses: Hypogonadism and delayed puberty in males.
    • Common Side Effects: Acne, oily skin, increased red blood cell count.
    • Serious Side Effects: Liver toxicity, cardiovascular events, polycythemia.

    Octreotide

    • Class: Somatostatin analog
    • Action: Inhibits release of hormones including growth hormone.
    • Uses: Acromegaly, carcinoid tumors, VIPomas.
    • Common Side Effects: Diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea.
    • Serious Side Effects: Gallstones, hyperglycemia, hypothyroidism.

    Canagliflozin

    • Class: SGLT2 inhibitor
    • Action: Inhibits glucose reabsorption in renal tubules, increases urinary glucose excretion.
    • Uses: Type 2 diabetes mellitus management.
    • Common Side Effects: Genital and urinary tract infections.
    • Serious Side Effects: Ketoacidosis, increased risk of amputations.

    Prazosin

    • Class: Alpha-1 adrenergic blocker
    • Action: Dilates blood vessels by blocking alpha-1 receptors.
    • Uses: Hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia.
    • Common Side Effects: Dizziness, headache, drowsiness.
    • Serious Side Effects: Orthostatic hypotension, syncope.

    Hydrocortisone

    • Class: Corticosteroid
    • Action: Suppresses inflammation and immune response.
    • Uses: Inflammatory conditions, adrenal insufficiency.
    • Common Side Effects: Weight gain, increased appetite, mood changes.
    • Serious Side Effects: Adrenal suppression, Cushing's syndrome, osteoporosis.

    Desmopressin (DDAVP)

    • Class: Antidiuretic hormone analog
    • Action: Increases kidney water reabsorption, reducing urine output.
    • Uses: Diabetes insipidus, nocturnal enuresis, hemophilia A.
    • Common Side Effects: Headache, nausea, mild abdominal pain.
    • Serious Side Effects: Hyponatremia, water intoxication.

    Methimazole and Propylthiouracil (PTU)

    • Class: Antithyroid agents
    • Action: Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis.
    • Uses: Hyperthyroidism treatment.
    • Common Side Effects: Rash, nausea, headache.
    • Serious Side Effects: Agranulocytosis, hepatotoxicity.

    Methylergonovine

    • Class: Ergot alkaloid
    • Action: Increases uterine tone and contractions.
    • Uses: Management of postpartum hemorrhage.
    • Common Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, headache.
    • Serious Side Effects: Hypertension, myocardial infarction.

    Menotropins

    • Class: Gonadotropins
    • Action: Stimulates ovarian follicle growth and sperm production.
    • Uses: Infertility treatments.
    • Common Side Effects: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, multiple pregnancies.
    • Serious Side Effects: Thromboembolism, severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.

    Medroxyprogesterone

    • Class: Progestin
    • Action: Inhibits gonadotropin secretion, preventing ovulation.
    • Uses: Contraception, amenorrhea management, endometrial hyperplasia prevention.
    • Common Side Effects: Weight gain, headache, mood changes.
    • Serious Side Effects: Thromboembolic events, long-term bone density loss.

    Ethinyl Estradiol with Norethindrone

    • Class: Combined oral contraceptive
    • Action: Suppresses ovulation, alters cervical mucus, modifies endometrium.
    • Uses: Contraception, menstrual cycle regulation, acne treatment.
    • Common Side Effects: Nausea, breast tenderness, spotting.
    • Serious Side Effects: Thromboembolic events, hypertension.

    Dexamethasone

    • Class: Corticosteroid
    • Action: Suppresses inflammation and immune response.
    • Uses: Inflammatory conditions, cerebral edema, adrenal insufficiency.
    • Common Side Effects: Weight gain, increased appetite, mood changes.
    • Serious Side Effects: Adrenal suppression, Cushing's syndrome, osteoporosis.

    Indomethacin

    • Class: NSAID
    • Action: Inhibits COX-1 and COX-2; reduces prostaglandin synthesis.
    • Uses: Pain, inflammatory conditions, fever.
    • Common Side Effects: Nausea, dyspepsia, headache.
    • Serious Side Effects: Gastrointestinal bleeding, cardiovascular events.

    Choriogonadotropin-Alfa

    • Class: Gonadotropin
    • Action: Stimulates ovulation and testosterone production.
    • Uses: Infertility treatments.
    • Common Side Effects: Injection site reactions, headache, fatigue.
    • Serious Side Effects: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, multiple pregnancies.

    Finasteride

    • Class: 5-alpha reductase inhibitor
    • Action: Inhibits conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
    • Uses: Benign prostatic hyperplasia, androgenetic alopecia.
    • Common Side Effects: Decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, breast tenderness.
    • Serious Side Effects: Increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer.

    Oxytocin

    • Class: Uterotonic agent
    • Action: Stimulates uterine contractions by increasing intracellular calcium.
    • Uses: Labor induction, relief of postpartum hemorrhage.
    • Common Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, uterine hyperstimulation.
    • Serious Side Effects: Uterine rupture, water intoxication.

    Levothyroxine

    • Class: Thyroid hormone replacement
    • Action: Synthetic T4, converted to active T3; regulates metabolism.
    • Uses: Hypothyroidism treatment.
    • Common Side Effects: Palpitations, weight loss, anxiety.
    • Serious Side Effects: Symptoms of hyperthyroidism, cardiac arrhythmias.

    Clomiphene

    • Class: Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
    • Action: Induces ovulation by increasing gonadotropin release.
    • Uses: Infertility due to anovulation.
    • Common Side Effects: Hot flashes, abdominal discomfort, bloating.
    • Serious Side Effects: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, multiple pregnancies.

    Sildenafil

    • Class: Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor
    • Action: Enhances nitric oxide effects, increasing penile blood flow.
    • Uses: Erectile dysfunction treatment.
    • Common Side Effects: Headache, flushing, dyspepsia.
    • Serious Side Effects: Priapism, sudden vision, or hearing loss.

    Glucagon

    • Class: Hyperglycemic agent
    • Action: Stimulates glucose production in the liver.
    • Uses: Severe hypoglycemia treatment.
    • Common Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting.
    • Serious Side Effects: Hypersensitivity reactions.

    Humulin 70/30

    • Class: Combination insulin (70% NPH, 30% regular)
    • Action: Lowers blood glucose by enhancing peripheral glucose uptake.
    • Uses: Diabetes mellitus glycemic control.
    • Common Side Effects: Hypoglycemia, injection site reactions.
    • Serious Side Effects: Severe hypoglycemia, hypokalemia.

    Exenatide

    • Class: GLP-1 receptor agonist
    • Action: Mimics incretin, enhancing insulin secretion and

    Fludrocortisone

    • Class: Corticosteroid
    • Action: Mimics aldosterone, enhancing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in kidneys.
    • Uses: Treatment of Addison's disease, salt-losing adrenogenital syndrome.
    • Common Side Effects: Hypertension, edema, hypokalemia.
    • Serious Side Effects: Adrenal suppression, heart failure.

    Methylprednisolone and Prednisone

    • Class: Corticosteroids
    • Action: Suppresses inflammation and normal immune response.
    • Uses: For inflammatory/allergic conditions and adrenal insufficiency.
    • Common Side Effects: Weight gain, increased appetite, mood changes.
    • Serious Side Effects: Adrenal suppression, Cushing's syndrome, osteoporosis.

    Cosyntropin

    • Class: Synthetic ACTH
    • Action: Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce key hormones (cortisol, aldosterone).
    • Uses: Diagnostic testing of adrenal function.
    • Common Side Effects: Flushing, headache, rash.
    • Serious Side Effects: Hypersensitivity reactions.

    Testosterone

    • Class: Androgen
    • Action: Binds to androgen receptors, promoting male characteristics and muscle growth.
    • Uses: Hypogonadism and delayed puberty in males.
    • Common Side Effects: Acne, oily skin, increased red blood cell count.
    • Serious Side Effects: Liver toxicity, cardiovascular events, polycythemia.

    Octreotide

    • Class: Somatostatin analog
    • Action: Inhibits release of hormones including growth hormone.
    • Uses: Acromegaly, carcinoid tumors, VIPomas.
    • Common Side Effects: Diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea.
    • Serious Side Effects: Gallstones, hyperglycemia, hypothyroidism.

    Canagliflozin

    • Class: SGLT2 inhibitor
    • Action: Inhibits glucose reabsorption in renal tubules, increases urinary glucose excretion.
    • Uses: Type 2 diabetes mellitus management.
    • Common Side Effects: Genital and urinary tract infections.
    • Serious Side Effects: Ketoacidosis, increased risk of amputations.

    Prazosin

    • Class: Alpha-1 adrenergic blocker
    • Action: Dilates blood vessels by blocking alpha-1 receptors.
    • Uses: Hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia.
    • Common Side Effects: Dizziness, headache, drowsiness.
    • Serious Side Effects: Orthostatic hypotension, syncope.

    Hydrocortisone

    • Class: Corticosteroid
    • Action: Suppresses inflammation and immune response.
    • Uses: Inflammatory conditions, adrenal insufficiency.
    • Common Side Effects: Weight gain, increased appetite, mood changes.
    • Serious Side Effects: Adrenal suppression, Cushing's syndrome, osteoporosis.

    Desmopressin (DDAVP)

    • Class: Antidiuretic hormone analog
    • Action: Increases kidney water reabsorption, reducing urine output.
    • Uses: Diabetes insipidus, nocturnal enuresis, hemophilia A.
    • Common Side Effects: Headache, nausea, mild abdominal pain.
    • Serious Side Effects: Hyponatremia, water intoxication.

    Methimazole and Propylthiouracil (PTU)

    • Class: Antithyroid agents
    • Action: Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis.
    • Uses: Hyperthyroidism treatment.
    • Common Side Effects: Rash, nausea, headache.
    • Serious Side Effects: Agranulocytosis, hepatotoxicity.

    Methylergonovine

    • Class: Ergot alkaloid
    • Action: Increases uterine tone and contractions.
    • Uses: Management of postpartum hemorrhage.
    • Common Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, headache.
    • Serious Side Effects: Hypertension, myocardial infarction.

    Menotropins

    • Class: Gonadotropins
    • Action: Stimulates ovarian follicle growth and sperm production.
    • Uses: Infertility treatments.
    • Common Side Effects: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, multiple pregnancies.
    • Serious Side Effects: Thromboembolism, severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.

    Medroxyprogesterone

    • Class: Progestin
    • Action: Inhibits gonadotropin secretion, preventing ovulation.
    • Uses: Contraception, amenorrhea management, endometrial hyperplasia prevention.
    • Common Side Effects: Weight gain, headache, mood changes.
    • Serious Side Effects: Thromboembolic events, long-term bone density loss.

    Ethinyl Estradiol with Norethindrone

    • Class: Combined oral contraceptive
    • Action: Suppresses ovulation, alters cervical mucus, modifies endometrium.
    • Uses: Contraception, menstrual cycle regulation, acne treatment.
    • Common Side Effects: Nausea, breast tenderness, spotting.
    • Serious Side Effects: Thromboembolic events, hypertension.

    Dexamethasone

    • Class: Corticosteroid
    • Action: Suppresses inflammation and immune response.
    • Uses: Inflammatory conditions, cerebral edema, adrenal insufficiency.
    • Common Side Effects: Weight gain, increased appetite, mood changes.
    • Serious Side Effects: Adrenal suppression, Cushing's syndrome, osteoporosis.

    Indomethacin

    • Class: NSAID
    • Action: Inhibits COX-1 and COX-2; reduces prostaglandin synthesis.
    • Uses: Pain, inflammatory conditions, fever.
    • Common Side Effects: Nausea, dyspepsia, headache.
    • Serious Side Effects: Gastrointestinal bleeding, cardiovascular events.

    Choriogonadotropin-Alfa

    • Class: Gonadotropin
    • Action: Stimulates ovulation and testosterone production.
    • Uses: Infertility treatments.
    • Common Side Effects: Injection site reactions, headache, fatigue.
    • Serious Side Effects: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, multiple pregnancies.

    Finasteride

    • Class: 5-alpha reductase inhibitor
    • Action: Inhibits conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
    • Uses: Benign prostatic hyperplasia, androgenetic alopecia.
    • Common Side Effects: Decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, breast tenderness.
    • Serious Side Effects: Increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer.

    Oxytocin

    • Class: Uterotonic agent
    • Action: Stimulates uterine contractions by increasing intracellular calcium.
    • Uses: Labor induction, relief of postpartum hemorrhage.
    • Common Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, uterine hyperstimulation.
    • Serious Side Effects: Uterine rupture, water intoxication.

    Levothyroxine

    • Class: Thyroid hormone replacement
    • Action: Synthetic T4, converted to active T3; regulates metabolism.
    • Uses: Hypothyroidism treatment.
    • Common Side Effects: Palpitations, weight loss, anxiety.
    • Serious Side Effects: Symptoms of hyperthyroidism, cardiac arrhythmias.

    Clomiphene

    • Class: Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
    • Action: Induces ovulation by increasing gonadotropin release.
    • Uses: Infertility due to anovulation.
    • Common Side Effects: Hot flashes, abdominal discomfort, bloating.
    • Serious Side Effects: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, multiple pregnancies.

    Sildenafil

    • Class: Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor
    • Action: Enhances nitric oxide effects, increasing penile blood flow.
    • Uses: Erectile dysfunction treatment.
    • Common Side Effects: Headache, flushing, dyspepsia.
    • Serious Side Effects: Priapism, sudden vision, or hearing loss.

    Glucagon

    • Class: Hyperglycemic agent
    • Action: Stimulates glucose production in the liver.
    • Uses: Severe hypoglycemia treatment.
    • Common Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting.
    • Serious Side Effects: Hypersensitivity reactions.

    Humulin 70/30

    • Class: Combination insulin (70% NPH, 30% regular)
    • Action: Lowers blood glucose by enhancing peripheral glucose uptake.
    • Uses: Diabetes mellitus glycemic control.
    • Common Side Effects: Hypoglycemia, injection site reactions.
    • Serious Side Effects: Severe hypoglycemia, hypokalemia.

    Exenatide

    • Class: GLP-1 receptor agonist
    • Action: Mimics incretin, enhancing insulin secretion and

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