32 Questions
When is genetic sex determined?
fertilization
Which of the following is necessary and sufficient for the production of testes?
Y chromosome
What is the role of sex hormones produced by the gonads?
Regulate development of secondary sexual characteristics
Which condition is characterized by an extra X chromosome in males?
Klinefelter syndrome
How do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland contribute to the endocrine system in relation to sex hormones?
Regulate the production of sex hormones
Which condition results in ovaries developing without functional follicles?
Turner syndrome
What arises from the mesoderm layer during embryonic development and eventually gives rise to the testes or ovaries?
Gonadal ridge
In humans, at what stage of gestation does gonadal development typically occur?
Between weeks 7 and 12
What leads to the development of testes in males and ovary in females during sexual differentiation?
Presence of SRY gene
How do testes and ovaries develop differently under the influence of the SRY gene?
Testes develop from mesenchyme, ovaries develop from the epithelium
What is the primary role of Mullerian Inhibitory Factor (MIF) in sexual differentiation?
Preventing the regression of Mullerian ducts in males
What happens if there is a disruption in the balance between Mullerian Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)?
Abnormal sexual development may result
How does the endocrine system contribute to maintaining balanced levels of Mullerian Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)?
By ensuring that MIF and AMH levels remain balanced
What role does the SRY gene play in sexual development?
Triggers the synthesis of testosterone
How does testosterone influence embryonic development?
Directs the development of male internal and external reproductive structures
Which statement accurately describes the function of Testis Determining Factor (TDF) in sexual differentiation?
Influences the development of testes and sperm production
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for converting pregnenolone into 17-hydroxyprogesterone in the synthesis of testosterone?
17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase
In female embryos, what role does testosterone play in the development of the reproductive system?
Develops the Mullerian ducts
Which of the following disorders might result from disruptions in testosterone regulation during embryonic development?
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Where is the mesonephric/wolffian duct derived from?
Mesoderm
Which of thee following is the main driver of penis and scrotum formation prior to puberty?
DHT
Patients likely have a deficiency in which of the following if they have male internal genitalia and atypical/feminized external genitalia at birth?
5α-reductase
What is a potential complication of an undescended testicle?
Higher risk of developing testicular cancer
What is the recommended surgical procedure for most cases of cryptorchidism?
Orchiopexy
Why is it particularly important to monitor and treat cryptorchidism in preterm infants?
To promote proper testicular descent and development
How do epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation, contribute to the regulation of the SRY gene expression?
DNA methylation silences the SRY gene on the X chromosome, while histone acetylation enhances its expression on the Y chromosome.
What impact do post-translational modifications, like phosphorylation and ubiquitination, have on the SRY gene activity?
They influence the interaction of SRY with other proteins.
In human biology, what can mutations in the SRY gene potentially lead to?
Sex reversal or ambiguous genitalia.
Match the following with they embryonic origin
glans penis / glans clitoris = genital tubercle prostate / Bartholin's glands = UG sinus ventral shaft of penis / labia minora = UG fold scrotum / labia majora = labioscrotal swellings
Match the following treatment options with their descriptions:
Reconstructive surgery = Aims to restore the structure and function of the penis and urinary tract Urinary diversion methods = May involve a Mitrofanoff procedure to create a new urinary tract pathway Sexual and reproductive counseling = Beneficial for adult patients with epispadias and their partners to discuss options Medication therapy = Involves drug treatment to manage symptoms of epispadias
Match the following complications of epispadias with their descriptions:
Urinary incontinence = Can lead to frequent urinary tract infections Chronic renal insufficiency = May occur if the urinary tract is not fully developed Psychological effects = Include self-esteem issues and anxiety that can be addressed through counseling Respiratory distress = Linked to complications arising from epispadias
Match the following actions with their impact on individuals affected by epispadias:
Early diagnosis = Can lead to improved quality of life for those with epispadias Consulting healthcare provider = Essential to obtain the best and most current information available Participating in support groups = Can help address psychological effects of epispadias Avoiding medical consultation = Can hinder effective management of epispadias
H Burkin Block 3
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