Embryology of the Reproductive Systems
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Questions and Answers

When is genetic sex determined?

  • during meiosis I of gametogenesis
  • fertilization (correct)
  • at then end of the embryonic period (GW8)
  • at birth

    • Which of the following is necessary and sufficient for the production of testes?

  • sperm
  • Y chromosome (correct)
  • X chromosome
  • DHT

    • What is the role of sex hormones produced by the gonads?

  • Control bone density
  • Regulate neurotransmitter production in the brain
  • Regulate development of secondary sexual characteristics (correct)
  • Aid in digestion

    • Which condition is characterized by an extra X chromosome in males?

    <p>Klinefelter syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland contribute to the endocrine system in relation to sex hormones?

    <p>Regulate the production of sex hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results in ovaries developing without functional follicles?

    <p>Turner syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What arises from the mesoderm layer during embryonic development and eventually gives rise to the testes or ovaries?

    <p>Gonadal ridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, at what stage of gestation does gonadal development typically occur?

    <p>Between weeks 7 and 12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the development of testes in males and ovary in females during sexual differentiation?

    <p>Presence of SRY gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do testes and ovaries develop differently under the influence of the SRY gene?

    <p>Testes develop from mesenchyme, ovaries develop from the epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Mullerian Inhibitory Factor (MIF) in sexual differentiation?

    <p>Preventing the regression of Mullerian ducts in males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if there is a disruption in the balance between Mullerian Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)?

    <p>Abnormal sexual development may result</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the endocrine system contribute to maintaining balanced levels of Mullerian Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)?

    <p>By ensuring that MIF and AMH levels remain balanced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the SRY gene play in sexual development?

    <p>Triggers the synthesis of testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does testosterone influence embryonic development?

    <p>Directs the development of male internal and external reproductive structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the function of Testis Determining Factor (TDF) in sexual differentiation?

    <p>Influences the development of testes and sperm production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily responsible for converting pregnenolone into 17-hydroxyprogesterone in the synthesis of testosterone?

    <p>17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In female embryos, what role does testosterone play in the development of the reproductive system?

    <p>Develops the Mullerian ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders might result from disruptions in testosterone regulation during embryonic development?

    <p>Androgen insensitivity syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the mesonephric/wolffian duct derived from?

    <p>Mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of thee following is the main driver of penis and scrotum formation prior to puberty?

    <p>DHT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients likely have a deficiency in which of the following if they have male internal genitalia and atypical/feminized external genitalia at birth?

    <p>5α-reductase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of an undescended testicle?

    <p>Higher risk of developing testicular cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended surgical procedure for most cases of cryptorchidism?

    <p>Orchiopexy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it particularly important to monitor and treat cryptorchidism in preterm infants?

    <p>To promote proper testicular descent and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation, contribute to the regulation of the SRY gene expression?

    <p>DNA methylation silences the SRY gene on the X chromosome, while histone acetylation enhances its expression on the Y chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact do post-translational modifications, like phosphorylation and ubiquitination, have on the SRY gene activity?

    <p>They influence the interaction of SRY with other proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In human biology, what can mutations in the SRY gene potentially lead to?

    <p>Sex reversal or ambiguous genitalia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with they embryonic origin

    <p>glans penis / glans clitoris = genital tubercle prostate / Bartholin's glands = UG sinus ventral shaft of penis / labia minora = UG fold scrotum / labia majora = labioscrotal swellings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following treatment options with their descriptions:

    <p>Reconstructive surgery = Aims to restore the structure and function of the penis and urinary tract Urinary diversion methods = May involve a Mitrofanoff procedure to create a new urinary tract pathway Sexual and reproductive counseling = Beneficial for adult patients with epispadias and their partners to discuss options Medication therapy = Involves drug treatment to manage symptoms of epispadias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following complications of epispadias with their descriptions:

    <p>Urinary incontinence = Can lead to frequent urinary tract infections Chronic renal insufficiency = May occur if the urinary tract is not fully developed Psychological effects = Include self-esteem issues and anxiety that can be addressed through counseling Respiratory distress = Linked to complications arising from epispadias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following actions with their impact on individuals affected by epispadias:

    <p>Early diagnosis = Can lead to improved quality of life for those with epispadias Consulting healthcare provider = Essential to obtain the best and most current information available Participating in support groups = Can help address psychological effects of epispadias Avoiding medical consultation = Can hinder effective management of epispadias</p> Signup and view all the answers

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