Early Embryonic Development and Gastrulation

What is the primary factor that influences the differentiation of cells in the inner cell mass of an early blastocyst?

Which layer of cells is continuous with the yolk sac during gastrulation?

Where do cells migrate in through during gastrulation?

What is the primary function of the umbilical cord during embryonic development?

During which week of development does the embryo begin to form the spinal cord and brain?

What is the term for the process by which the inner cell mass grows and splits, forming two fluid-filled sacs?

What is the term for the cells that remain on the surface of the embryonic disk during gastrulation?

When does the heart start to beat during embryonic development?

What is the primary function of the antibodies that are selectively transported across the placenta?

What is the primary function of the umbilical arteries?

What is the primary function of the urinary system?

What is the primary role of the placenta in the fetal development?

What substances can pass through the placenta?

What is the composition of urine?

What are the two major roles of the urinary system in most animals?

What is the primary function of the umbilical vein?

What is the direct consequence of a person becoming dehydrated due to water unavailability or prolonged illness?

What is the primary function of the renal corpuscle in the nephron?

How often does the entire blood volume pass through the kidneys daily?

What is the term for the resulting fluid collected from the pressure-filtration process in the renal corpuscle?

What is the consequence of the kidneys being unable to conserve enough water in a dehydrated person?

What is the approximate number of nephrons found in each kidney?

What is the term for the exceptionally porous capillaries in the glomerulus that allow water and small molecules to ooze out?

What is the final product of the filtration process in the nephron?

What is the primary function of reabsorption in the nephron?

What is the primary location of reabsorption in the nephron?

Which ions are critical for nerve and muscle function?

What is the function of the bicarbonate ion in the body?

What is the mechanism by which reabsorbed molecules move into the peritubular capillaries?

What is the primary function of the peritubular capillaries in the kidney?

Which of the following factors does not facilitate glomerular filtration?

Which tubular segment is under hormonal control for reabsorption?

Approximately what percentage of the blood's fluid is forced out through the glomerular capillary walls during filtration?

What percentage of solutes in the glomerular filtrate is made up of urea?

What is the primary function of the glomerular capillaries in the kidney?

What is the composition of the glomerular filtrate?

What is the result of the high pressure within the glomerular capillaries?

What is the primary function of the arterioles in the kidney?

Where do the dissolved substances move during urine formation?

What is the role of the glomerular capillaries in the process of urine formation?

The sperm may live for up to 7 days inside the female reproductive tract.

The zona pellucida is a barrier between the sperm and the egg located outside the corona radiata.

Fertilization occurs in the uterine tubes.

The unfertilized egg remains viable for a week or so.

The acrosome releases enzymes that strengthen the corona radiata and the zona pellucida.

The corona radiata is a barrier between the sperm and the egg formed by the sperm.

Intercourse occurs only during certain seasons of the year.

The fertilized egg is haploid.

The yolk sac is directly connected to the mother's circulatory system.

The placenta allows the mother's and embryo's blood to mix freely.

The chorion forms the outer layer of the blastocyst.

The umbilical cord connects the embryo's circulatory system to the mother's circulatory system.

Large proteins and cells can readily pass through the walls of the chorionic villi and capillaries.

Carbon dioxide and other wastes diffuse from the mother to the embryo.

The embryo obtains nutrients directly from the endometrium of the uterus during the first week of development.

Oxygen diffuses from the embryo to the mother.

The peritubular capillaries conduct the blood into the renal artery.

The glomerular capillaries are less porous than most other capillaries.

The arterioles that collect blood from the capillaries are wider than the arterioles that supply them.

Urinary systems are responsible for producing and eliminating feces.

About 50% of the blood's fluid is forced out through the glomerular capillary walls during filtration.

The placenta provides complete protection to the fetus from disease-causing organisms and harmful chemicals.

The umbilical arteries carry oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus.

Reabsorption occurs in the glomerular capillaries.

The nephron is the functional unit of the urinary system.

The primary function of the urinary system is to regulate body temperature.

The interstitial fluid exchanges substances with the glomerular capillaries.

Antibodies are selectively transported from the fetus to the mother across the placenta during pregnancy.

Urine is formed through three processes: Filtration, Reabsorption, and Excretion.

The placenta allows direct mixing of fetal and maternal blood supplies.

Urine contains only waste products from proteins and ions.

The urinary system plays only one major role in most animals, which is to excrete cellular wastes.

Most reabsorption takes place in the distal tubule.

The bicarbonate ion is crucial for maintaining constant blood pressure.

Nearly all the water and ions are reabsorbed into the bloodstream during reabsorption.

The glomerular filtrate contains large proteins and blood cells.

Reabsorption in the proximal tubule is under hormonal control.

Urea makes up more than 50% of the solutes in the glomerular filtrate.

The peritubular capillaries return reabsorbed molecules to the kidneys.

Reabsorption occurs only in the proximal tubule and the distal tubule.

What is the primary function of the antibodies that are selectively transported across the placenta from the mother to the fetus?

What is the primary function of the placenta in terms of waste and nutrient exchange?

What are the two major roles of the urinary system in most animals?

What substances are present in urine, and what is its primary function?

What is the role of the umbilical arteries and vein in the exchange of substances between the fetus and mother?

What is the limitation of the placenta in terms of protection against disease-causing organisms and harmful chemicals?

What is the primary function of the umbilical cord during embryonic development?

What is the primary function of the glomerular capillaries in the process of urine formation?

What is the purpose of the enzymes released by the sperm during fertilization?

What is the significance of the timing of copulation in relation to ovulation?

What is the role of the corona radiata in fertilization?

How long can an unfertilized egg remain viable?

What is the purpose of the zona pellucida in fertilization?

What is the significance of the uterine tubes in fertilization?

What is the result of the union of sperm and egg during fertilization?

How long can sperm survive inside the female reproductive tract?

What is the consequence of a person becoming severely dehydrated, leading to loss of water in brain cells?

What is the role of the renal corpuscle in the nephron?

What is the function of the glomerular capsule in the renal corpuscle?

What is the significance of the entire blood volume passing through the kidneys about 60 times daily?

What is the consequence of the kidneys being unable to conserve enough water in a dehydrated person?

What is the function of the renal tubule in the nephron?

What is the unique feature of the capillaries in the glomerulus?

What is the significance of the kidneys containing roughly 1 million microscopic urine-forming units called nephrons?

What is the primary function of the urinary system, and how does it achieve this function?

Describe the structure of the human kidney, and explain how it enables the production of concentrated urine.

What is the role of the ureter in the urinary system, and how does it facilitate the movement of urine?

Explain how the kidneys help maintain homeostasis in the body.

What is the function of the bladder in the urinary system, and how does it store and excrete urine?

Describe the relationship between the kidneys and the blood supply, and explain how it enables the filtration of waste products.

Explain how the urinary system regulates the levels of essential ions and nutrients in the body.

What is the significance of the urinary system in maintaining overall health, and what are the consequences of its dysfunction?

What is the primary purpose of the distal tubule in maintaining homeostasis?

What is the main function of secretion in the renal tubule?

What is the significance of the distal tubule in regulating the concentration of urine?

What is the primary location of secretion in the nephron?

What is the role of circulating hormones in secretion and reabsorption?

What is the significance of the distal tubule in maintaining the body's osmolarity?

What is the relationship between the distal tubule and the collecting duct in terms of urine concentration?

What is the significance of the proximal tubule in terms of water reabsorption?

During fertilization, the union of sperm and ______ produces a diploid zygote.

Men produce ______ more or less continuously.

The ______ radiata is a barrier between the sperm and the egg.

A second barrier, the jelly-like ______ pellucida, lies between the corona radiata and the egg.

Each sperm releases enzymes from its ______.

The ______ is the primary location of fertilization in the female reproductive tract.

The sperm may live for 2 to (rarely) 4 days inside the ______ reproductive tract.

If copulation occurs within a day or two of ______, the sperm may meet an egg in one of the uterine tubes.

Certain types of ______, even though they are quite large, are selectively transported across the placenta from mother to embryo.

The placenta allows exchange of ______ and nutrients between fetal capillaries and maternal blood pools.

The umbilical ______ carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta.

Urinary systems are organ systems that produce and eliminate ______.

Urine contains waste products from ______, various ions and other water-soluble nutrients in excess of the body’s needs.

By producing and eliminating ______, urinary systems play two major roles in most animals.

The primary function of the urinary system is to ______ and eliminate waste products.

The placenta allows exchange of ______ and nutrients between fetal capillaries and maternal blood pools, while keeping the fetal and maternal blood supplies ______.

The arteriole branches to form the ______ of the glomerulus.

These capillaries empty into an outgoing ______.

The peritubular capillaries conduct the blood into a ______ that joins the renal vein.

Urine is formed in the ______ of the kidneys by three processes.

Filtration removes small ______ and ions from the blood.

The glomerular capillaries are far more ______ than most other capillaries.

About 20% of the blood's ______ is forced out through the glomerular capillary walls.

Dissolved substances move between the parts of the nephron and the ______ fluid that surrounds these structures.

The average adult ______ can hold about a pint (500 milliliters) of urine.

As accumulating urine expands the ______ wall, the pressure eventually activates stretch receptors.

Urine is retained in the ______ by two circular sphincter muscles.

The ______ sphincter, located at the junction of the bladder and the urethra, opens automatically during these contractions.

Urine exits the body through the ______, a single narrow tube about 1.5 inches long in women and about 8 inches long in men.

Water balance is essential for ______ An important function of the kidney is osmoregulation.

Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining ______—the concentration of ions and other solutes in the blood plasma—within very strict limits.

If a person consumes excess water faster than the kidneys can excrete it, the surplus water in the blood will move by ______ into the interstitial fluid and then into cells, causing them to swell.

The distal tubule fine-tunes blood ______ by regulating the reabsorption of water and ions.

The fluid that has travelled through the nephron becomes ______ as it leaves the distal tubule.

Secretion actively transports substances into the ______ tubule for excretion.

Secretion occurs primarily in the ______ tubule, but some also occurs in the distal tubule.

The concentration of urine occurs in the ______ tubule and collecting duct.

When the filtrate enters the distal tubule, about 80% of its ______ has already been reabsorbed.

From this point on, additional reabsorption of ______ is precisely regulated to maintain the blood's osmolarity.

Secretion by the distal tubule is regulated by ______ hormones to maintain homeostasis.

Match the following structures with their functions during fertilization:

Match the following stages of fertilization with their descriptions:

Match the following components with their durations during fertilization:

Match the following terms with their descriptions related to fertilization:

Match the following structures with their roles during embryonic development:

Match the following events with their timings during fertilization and embryonic development:

Match the following terms with their descriptions related to fertilization and embryonic development:

Match the following structures with their roles during fertilization and embryonic development:

Match the following structures with their functions during embryonic development:

Match the following stages with their corresponding events during embryonic development:

Match the following structures with their relationships during embryonic development:

Match the following events with their corresponding processes during embryonic development:

Match the following structures with their locations during embryonic development:

Match the following stages with their corresponding structures during embryonic development:

Match the following parts of the nephron with their functions:

Match the following events with their corresponding weeks during embryonic development:

Match the following structures with their functions during embryonic development:

Match the following effects of dehydration with their consequences:

Match the following statements with their corresponding functions in the placenta:

Match the following components of the urinary system with their functions:

Match the following components with their corresponding roles in the urinary system:

Match the following processes with their locations in the nephron:

Match the following substances with their corresponding sources in the urine:

Match the following blood components with their effects on the body:

Match the following components with their corresponding functions in the fetal-maternal circulation:

Match the following conditions with their effects on the body:

Match the following components of the kidney with their structures:

Match the following statements with their corresponding roles in the human body:

Match the following functions with their importance in the body:

Match the following components with their corresponding functions in the human body:

Match the following statements with their corresponding components in the urinary system:

Match the following components with their corresponding functions in the human body:

Match the following processes with their locations in the nephron:

Match the following substances with their primary routes of excretion:

Match the following with their functions in the nephron:

Match the following with their roles in maintaining homeostasis:

Match the following with their locations in the kidney:

Match the following with their effects on the body:

Match the following with their relationships in the nephron:

Match the following with their functions in the urinary system: