Economic Tigers: Development & GDP

• Four countries are considered "economic tigers," each developing specific competitive sectors and industries.
• The "economic tigers" invested heavily in infrastructure and education to produce skilled workers.

Four Tigers - Countries

• South Korea focuses on electronics, vehicle production, telecommunications, shipbuilding, steel, and chemicals.
• Singapore excels in manufacturing (chemicals, logistics, electronics, biochemical sciences, and transport engineering).
• Hong Kong is known for financial services, tourism, trading, logistics, and professional/producer services.

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

• It measures the total monetary value of final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific period.

Import Substitution

• It involves developing local industries behind protectionist barriers to produce goods a country had been importing.
• It creates a trade surplus.
• Import substitution is most effective early on but can become counterproductive later.

Tiananmen Square (1989)

• Students protested against the government.
• Authorities violently suppressed protesters, killing hundreds and signaling the government's resolve to maintain political control during economic reform.

Rana Plaza Disaster

• It was described as the "deadliest industrial incident in the history of the garment industry."
• More than 1,000 people died, and thousands were injured.

Fast Fashion

• Fast fashion pollutes heavily through the use of fossil fuels.

Geography’s Impact on Global Inequality

• High transportation costs, being landlocked, and distance from markets all contribute to global inequality.

Opium and Tomatoes

• A kilo of opium can retail for over $1,400 on the black market.
• The retail price for a kilo of tomatoes is $2.40-$4.00.

Political Impact of Global Inequality

• It limits political participation and prevents impartial institutions from functioning properly.
• It enables the wealthy to avoid compromise and creates a lack of transparency.

Fast Fashion Dumping Group

• Chile, the Philippines and India are the dumping group for fast fashion.

Human Development Index

• It’s a statistic measuring average achievements in key areas of human development (health, knowledge, and living standard).

Sustainable Development Goals

• The UN set goals with targets for 17 basic needs to be achieved by 2030.

Basic Human Needs

• Basic human needs must be met to establish a firm foundation for economic growth.
• Extreme poverty fuels revolution, terrorism, and anti-Western sentiments.
• Education enables meeting basic needs through democratic transition.

Factors Perpetuating Extreme Poverty

• Civil war, corruption, the "resource curse" (oil), and landlocked locations without trade access are causes of poverty.

Remittances

• Remittances are money sent home by migrants to their families, a key income source for many poor countries.
• In 2016, $500 billion in remittances were sent.
• Remittances differ from FDI as they are usually between families rather than companies or wealthy individuals.

Global South

• It describes the world's poorer regions, also called Third World or underdeveloped countries.
• The "South" lacks technology, is politically unstable, its economies are divided.

Pro-globalization

• It fosters economic growth, increases international cooperation, and promotes shared cultural understanding.

Anti-globalization

• Policies to expand free trade are a key focus. WTO meetings remain a target of anti-globalization protesters.

Population Movement Categories

• Migrants, refugees, asylum seekers, displaced persons, and immigrants make up the population movement categories.

Functionalist Theory

• The growth of specialized technical organizations creates international borders.
• Technological, economic development drive creation of supranational structures.
• States address shared needs like mail or river coordination through technical organizations.
• Functionalism predicts states will strengthen international economic structures.

Neo-functionalism

• Political cooperation/government and economic integration generates political integration (“spillover effect”).

Integration Theory

• Supranational institutions replace national ones, slowly shifting sovereignty from states to regional/global structures.
• Complete integration would merge entities into a single world government.
• Modest examples are the WTO and OPEC, but they don't challenge political sovereignty much.
• States can voluntarily choose supranationalism and can be international, regional, or global structures.

Supranational Organizations

• Larger institutions subordinate state authority/identity (e.g., the EU).
• The UN has limited supranational aspects due to its charter's emphasis on state sovereignty.
• The UN is somewhat more supranational on a regional level.

Treaty of Rome

• The treaty established the European Economic Community (EEC), a predecessor to the EU.
• Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany signed it.
• It came into force on January 1, 1958.
• The EEC Treaty sought to create a common market and customs union for its member states.

Maastricht Treaty

• It committed to better integration in monetary union, justice and home affairs, and political/military integration.
• Implementation progressed slowly with fewer countries involved.

European Union

• The Euro became the european currency.
• Euro has replaced national currencies in 14 EU member states and came into full circulation in 2002.
• The European Central Bank took over functions of states banks.
• Monetary union is difficult for economic and political reasons.

Digital Divide

• The digital divide is a gap in access to information technologies within countries.
• The "hole-in-the-wall experiment" in India is small in scale.

Information as a Tool Against Governments

• Foreign governments, NGOs, and political opponents use information.
• Repressive governments fear the free flow of unfavorable information and try to limit it.

Euro

• Euro is now a single European currency

CNN Effect

• No one will pay attention if CNN isn't present.

Mission Creep

• A given mission evolves into more.

Operation Restore Hope

• The focus was on success, and force protection.

Set of Measures

• Set of measures are designed to safeguard military personnel, equipment, facilities, and operations from threats and hazards, ensuring operational effectiveness and mission success.

Operation Gothic Serpent

• U.S. Marines left in April 1993.
• A multinational UN peacekeeping force called UNOSOM II oversaw food distribution.

Somalia Syndrome

• Refers to the Western world's reluctance, particularly the United States', to intervene in humanitarian crises/conflicts following the disastrous experience in Somalia in the 1990s.

Operation Uphold Democracy

• Protect force first

Infectious Diseases

• Disorders caused by organisms (viruses, fungi, or parasites) and can be transmitted from animal/person to person.
• Coronavirus, SARS, influenza, the common cold, and hepatitis A and B are examples.
• Globalization has caused the reemergence of diseases with growing resistance to common antibiotics.

Noncommunicable Diseases

• Noninfectious health conditions can’t be spread and last a long time.
• Chronic diseases stem from genetic, physiological, lifestyle, and environmental factors.
• The global cost of five non-communicable diseases will exceed $47 trillion in 20 years.
  • The diseases include CVD (cardiovascular disease), diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, cancer, and mental illness.
• Risk factors include tobacco use, harmful alcohol use, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity.

Auto Accidents

• Auto accidents are a high cause of death for young people.

Ebola

• Bats and non-human primates are the likely source.
• It spreads through fluids, with fever and sore throat symptoms appearing 2-3 weeks after contracting the virus.

Coronavirus Origin Possibilities

• The virus came from a bat infecting a human/intermediate animal or a lab researching viruses.

Media's Role in Global Health

Cluster Munitions

• A cluster munition resembles a pea pod.
• The main issue with cluster munitions is that they often don't explode on impact, posing long-term risks.

Fatal Footprint, Boomerang Effect

• Cluster munitions are more likely to be set off by accident by the poor.

ICBL - International Campaign to Ban Landmines

• It’s an international campaign to ban landmines.
• Landmines are explosive devices that can be set off by innocent civilians.

Three Unlawful Weapons

• Weapons that cause unnecessary suffering, are indiscriminate, or dis-porportionate are illegal.

1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons

• The convention includes a landmines protocol.
• Protocol I restricts landmines and booby traps.

Urbanization

• Movement occurs from rural areas to cities for economic opportunities.

Migration, Factors of Migration

• Types of migration include regional, rural to urban, seasonal, transit, forced/induced, and return migration.
• Push factors: bad governance, oppression, violence, instability, poverty, disasters, lack of education, economic opportunities.
• Pull factors: economic opportunity, higher wages, freedom, stability, healthy environment, education, family reunion.

Theories of Integration

Integration involves functionalism, neo-functionalism, and integration theory.

• Functionalism: grows specialized organizations as cross-national processes need managed.
• Neo-functionalism: claims economic integration integrates politically (spillover effect).
• Integration theory: supranational institutions replace national ones, international cooperation gets facilitated.

Regional and Global Integration

• Example of regional and global integration is the European Union.

Treaty of Rome

• The treaty established the EEC in 1958, aiming for a common market among six European countries (EU).
• Maastricht Treaty: committed the EU to further integration into monetary union, justice/home affairs, political/military integration.

Economic Cooperation Organizations

• The WTO and OPEC facilitate international cooperation, though they challenge sovereignty on select issues.
• The UN has limited supranational aspects due to emphasis on state sovereignty.

Globalization: Benefits

• Pro-globalization: fosters economic growth, promotes international cooperation, and shares cultural understanding.
• Technological Advancements: economies integrate, the internet is stronger international economic structures.

Globalization: Challenges and Criticisms

• Disintegration: the Integration’s paradox is collaboration versus divisions as identities resist uniformity.
• The Digital Divide worsens inequality gaps in access to information technologies.
• Fast Fashion: pollution caused by fossil fuels is a significant problem.
• Health Risks is causing a resurgence in diseases and common antibiotic resistance.

Economic Inequalities, Economic Divisions

• The Global South (countries) faces challenges like lacking technology, unstable government, and divided economies.
• Globalization supports the idea that the globalization is causes economic growth.
• Economic inequalities are caused by free trade policies.

Types of Migration

• Migration; regional, rural to urban, seasonal, transit, forced induced, and return migration.
• Push from bad governance, and the pull from political oppression.

Health in the Global Context, challenges

• Ebola and influenza pose significant health challenges.
• COVID-19 highlighted potential rapid spread from animals, sometimes from research labs.

Noncommunicable Diseases Include:

• Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, and mental illness.
• Rising prevalence is a significant economic burden as these diseases cost billions.