Croissance Économique dans le Tiers Monde

Economic Growth in the Third World Post-Independence

• Post-independence, Third World population growth accelerated significantly, doubling by 1990 compared to 1953.
• Growth rates were substantial.
• The gap between Third World countries and industrialized nations widened, reaching a 1-to-8 ratio by 1990.

Diversification and Success in Development Policies

• Starting in the 1970s, the Third World fractured into diverse economic trajectories.
• Some countries experienced sustained growth, while others faced decline.
• This disparity was directly related to the effectiveness of development policies adopted by various nations.
• Asian "Dragons" (Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong) showcased rapid growth starting in the 1960s.
• Their export-oriented industrialization strategies focused on manufactured goods (initially textiles) and progressively advanced technology.
• Favorable global market access facilitated their growth.
• These strategies are not universally applicable to all Third World nations.

Globalization and International Trade (1970-2020)

• The period from 1970 to 2020 is generally characterized as a period of globalization.
• While some support globalization, others criticize it.
• This period saw a renewed phase of globalization.
• Historical globalization waves include the Age of Discovery (late 15th century), and the Belle Époque (late 19th—early 20th centuries).

International Trade Dynamics

• The internationalization of Western capital markets began in the 1950s.
• Contrary to common perception, significant international trade started intensifying from the 1950s.
• Initial trade between industrialized nations accelerated more rapidly than earlier.
• Prior to the 1950s, trade was largely constrained in part due to post-World War II economic retraction.
• Early trade was primarily inter-industry.
• Between 1950 and 1970, the bulk of international commerce involved products of different sectors.
• This was due to the industrial dominance of the US and inability of Europe/Japan to match their output, and most Third World nations remained primarily raw material exporters.
• Competition in international markets remained limited initially in the 1950s.
• The gradual easing of trade barriers through the GATT negotiations enabled the progressive facilitation of trade in goods and capital.
• However, this process was not uniformly quick, often hindered by rapidly growing domestic consumer demand that limited outward economic interaction.

Technological Convergence and Shifting Trade Patterns

• significant convergence in technologies from the 1950s - 1970s. this greatly impacted global trade patterns
• trade shifted from inter-industry exchanges to intra-industry exchanges exemplified by emerging competition between Boeing and Airbus.
• increased international competition between firms. formerly complementing each other moved to competing in international markets.
• the formerly sedentary and complementary capitalistic systems became more nomadic and competitive.

The Break-Down from Self-Sustained Growth

• Mass production led to increased productivity.
• This in turn triggered investment and high consumer demand.
• However, this was often accompanied by a less equal distribution of the added value generated.
• Governments in wealthier countries often responded to these changes with various policies, such as Keynsian and supply-side approaches.
• Increased liberalization of trade, capital flows, and independent central banks focused on inflation targets.

The Rise of Asia

• The "Asian Dragons" were prominent.
• China and India also emerged as key global players.
• This was a major development in the preceding 40 years.
• While these countries reached technological frontiers in numerous fields, their per capita GDPs typically lag behind those of the US.

Nation-Building and Modernization

• The formation of sovereign states was a key initial element of development in many countries.
• Post-independence involved phases of societal modernization, often state-led.
• Often followed by periods of economic integration with the global economy.
• Example of these processes includes the independence of India and China, which were marked by distinct circumstances.

The Case of India

• India's independence involved a gradual process, and avoided direct conflict with Britain.
• Internal conflicts arose, however, from the partition of India and Pakistan.
• Notable industrial dynasties formed during this era.
• Leading figures acquired their expertise in Britain.

The Case of China

• The journey to independence in China involved a more complex path involving civil wars and external conflicts in the first half of the 20th century.
• Following conflict with Japanese occupation and a subsequent civil war, the nation consolidated under a communist government.
• Modernization followed in China under a state-directed economy.
• Included significant improvements in education, health, and nutrition, which, despite initial starvation issues, led to a large increase in life expectancy.
• Rapid industrialization, including a doubling of GDP between 1950 and 1979.

China's Integration into the Global Economy (The Two-Phase).

• Economic policies fostered special economic zones (SEZs) alongside public enterprises. This was particularly important in coastal and southern regions.
• This experimentation proceeded into the 1980s, with significant growth in the 1990s and 2000s.
• China, operating as a manufacturing hub, attracted significant foreign direct investment (FDI).
• Initially, China specialized in assembling components from other countries (primarily in electronics), especially given lower cost and technology-level production.
• A subsequent evolution saw China progressively gaining greater mastery over production chains, culminating in the production of more complex components domestically.

Ce quiz explore la croissance économique des pays du Tiers Monde après leur indépendance. Il examine les taux de croissance démographique, les disparités entre nations et les politiques de développement qui ont conduit à des trajectoires économiques variées. Les cas des 'Dragons' asiatiques illustrent des stratégies de croissance réussies.