Croissance Économique dans le Tiers Monde

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Questions and Answers

Quel a été le taux de croissance de la population dans le Tiers Monde entre 1953 et 1990?

x 2,0

x 1,5

x 2,3 (correct)

x 3,0

Quels pays sont considérés comme les 'Dragons' asiatiques?

Corée, Taïwan, Singapour, Hong Kong (correct)

Thaïlande, Indonésie, Bangladesh

Japon, Vietnam, Malaisie

Chine, Inde, Philippines

Qu'est-ce qui a caractérisé la mondialisation de 1970 à 2020?

Une diminution des échanges internationaux

Une stabilité économique mondiale

Une mondialisation généralement qualifiée de néolibérale (correct)

Une mondialisation à caractère uniquement social

Quel est le principal type de commerce qui a prédominé de 1950 à 1970?

Commerce interbranche Signup and view all the answers

Comment a évolué la concurrence internationale dans le Tiers Monde?

Elle a légèrement progressé mais est restée faible Signup and view all the answers

Quelle a été la conséquence de l'accélération de la croissance du Tiers Monde sur le rapport avec les pays industrialisés en 1990?

L'écart s'est creusé à un ratio de 1 à 8 Signup and view all the answers

À partir de quand a-t-on observé un éclatement du Tiers Monde?

Années 70 Signup and view all the answers

Quel facteur a contribué à la dynamique d'industrialisation des Dragons asiatiques?

L'ouverture des marchés des pays riches à leurs exportations Signup and view all the answers

Quel a été le pourcentage du PIB par habitant du Japon entre 1953 et 1974 par rapport à celui des États-Unis?

25% à 82% Signup and view all the answers

Quelles politiques ont été mises en place par les gouvernements des pays riches face à la rupture du cercle vertueux de la croissance autocentrée?

Politiques d'offre Signup and view all the answers

Quel phénomène majeur a eu lieu dans les 40 dernières années concernant l'Asie?

L'émergence des Dragons asiatiques Signup and view all the answers

Quelle méthode a facilité la productivité en Europe après la Seconde Guerre mondiale?

Missions de productivité Signup and view all the answers

Quel est l'un des leaders technologiques de la Chine?

5G Signup and view all the answers

Quelle a été la principale différence dans le processus d'indépendance entre l'Inde et la Chine?

L'Inde a gagné son indépendance pacifiquement, la Chine par la guerre. Signup and view all the answers

Quelles étaient les caractéristiques des politiques de libéralisation commerciale?

Suppression des obstacles non tarifaires Signup and view all the answers

Quel a été un impact majeur du rattrapage de la productivité entre 1950 et 1970?

Convergence technologique Signup and view all the answers

Quel est l'impact de la phase de modernisation sur l'espérance de vie en Chine entre 1950 et 1980 ?

Elle a augmenté de 36 ans à 64 ans. Signup and view all the answers

Quelles conditions étaient souvent attachées à l'ouverture des investissements étrangers en Chine ?

Exigence de coentreprise avec des entreprises chinoises. Signup and view all the answers

Comment la Chine a-t-elle développé son industrie des puces électroniques ?

En commençant par l'assemblage et en construisant ses propres usines. Signup and view all the answers

Quelle stratégie a été adoptée par la Chine pour attirer des investissements étrangers dans les années 1980 ?

Création de zones économiques spéciales. Signup and view all the answers

Quel a été l'effet des zones économiques spéciales sur le marché domestique chinois ?

Les entreprises chinoises ont été largement favorisées. Signup and view all the answers

Quel a été le pourcentage de production de puces par la Chine en 2010 ?

9,4%. Signup and view all the answers

Quelle caractéristique décrit le mieux la première phase d'insertion de la Chine dans la chaîne de valeur mondiale ?

Assemblage de composants en provenance de Taiwan et du Japon. Signup and view all the answers

Quel a été l'effet de l'expansion des zones économiques spéciales sur l'économie chinoise dans les années 1990/2000 ?

Elle a provoqué une forte expansion économique. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Economic Growth in the Third World Post-Independence

Post-independence, Third World population growth accelerated significantly, doubling by 1990 compared to 1953.
Growth rates were substantial.
The gap between Third World countries and industrialized nations widened, reaching a 1-to-8 ratio by 1990.

Diversification and Success in Development Policies

Starting in the 1970s, the Third World fractured into diverse economic trajectories.
Some countries experienced sustained growth, while others faced decline.
This disparity was directly related to the effectiveness of development policies adopted by various nations.
Asian "Dragons" (Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong) showcased rapid growth starting in the 1960s.
Their export-oriented industrialization strategies focused on manufactured goods (initially textiles) and progressively advanced technology.
Favorable global market access facilitated their growth.
These strategies are not universally applicable to all Third World nations.

Globalization and International Trade (1970-2020)

The period from 1970 to 2020 is generally characterized as a period of globalization.
While some support globalization, others criticize it.
This period saw a renewed phase of globalization.
Historical globalization waves include the Age of Discovery (late 15th century), and the Belle Époque (late 19th—early 20th centuries).

International Trade Dynamics

The internationalization of Western capital markets began in the 1950s.
Contrary to common perception, significant international trade started intensifying from the 1950s.
Initial trade between industrialized nations accelerated more rapidly than earlier.
Prior to the 1950s, trade was largely constrained in part due to post-World War II economic retraction.
Early trade was primarily inter-industry.
Between 1950 and 1970, the bulk of international commerce involved products of different sectors.
This was due to the industrial dominance of the US and inability of Europe/Japan to match their output, and most Third World nations remained primarily raw material exporters.
Competition in international markets remained limited initially in the 1950s.
The gradual easing of trade barriers through the GATT negotiations enabled the progressive facilitation of trade in goods and capital.
However, this process was not uniformly quick, often hindered by rapidly growing domestic consumer demand that limited outward economic interaction.

Technological Convergence and Shifting Trade Patterns

significant convergence in technologies from the 1950s - 1970s. this greatly impacted global trade patterns
trade shifted from inter-industry exchanges to intra-industry exchanges exemplified by emerging competition between Boeing and Airbus.
increased international competition between firms. formerly complementing each other moved to competing in international markets.
the formerly sedentary and complementary capitalistic systems became more nomadic and competitive.

The Break-Down from Self-Sustained Growth

Mass production led to increased productivity.
This in turn triggered investment and high consumer demand.
However, this was often accompanied by a less equal distribution of the added value generated.
Governments in wealthier countries often responded to these changes with various policies, such as Keynsian and supply-side approaches.
Increased liberalization of trade, capital flows, and independent central banks focused on inflation targets.

The Rise of Asia

The "Asian Dragons" were prominent.
China and India also emerged as key global players.
This was a major development in the preceding 40 years.
While these countries reached technological frontiers in numerous fields, their per capita GDPs typically lag behind those of the US.

Nation-Building and Modernization

The formation of sovereign states was a key initial element of development in many countries.
Post-independence involved phases of societal modernization, often state-led.
Often followed by periods of economic integration with the global economy.
Example of these processes includes the independence of India and China, which were marked by distinct circumstances.

The Case of India

India's independence involved a gradual process, and avoided direct conflict with Britain.
Internal conflicts arose, however, from the partition of India and Pakistan.
Notable industrial dynasties formed during this era.
Leading figures acquired their expertise in Britain.

The Case of China

The journey to independence in China involved a more complex path involving civil wars and external conflicts in the first half of the 20th century.
Following conflict with Japanese occupation and a subsequent civil war, the nation consolidated under a communist government.
Modernization followed in China under a state-directed economy.
Included significant improvements in education, health, and nutrition, which, despite initial starvation issues, led to a large increase in life expectancy.
Rapid industrialization, including a doubling of GDP between 1950 and 1979.

China's Integration into the Global Economy (The Two-Phase).

Economic policies fostered special economic zones (SEZs) alongside public enterprises. This was particularly important in coastal and southern regions.
This experimentation proceeded into the 1980s, with significant growth in the 1990s and 2000s.
China, operating as a manufacturing hub, attracted significant foreign direct investment (FDI).
Initially, China specialized in assembling components from other countries (primarily in electronics), especially given lower cost and technology-level production.
A subsequent evolution saw China progressively gaining greater mastery over production chains, culminating in the production of more complex components domestically.

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Description

Ce quiz explore la croissance économique des pays du Tiers Monde après leur indépendance. Il examine les taux de croissance démographique, les disparités entre nations et les politiques de développement qui ont conduit à des trajectoires économiques variées. Les cas des 'Dragons' asiatiques illustrent des stratégies de croissance réussies.