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Which medication is effective for α adrenergic antagonists?
Which medication is effective for α adrenergic antagonists?
What is the medical use of epinephrine?
What is the medical use of epinephrine?
What is the role of the pharmacist in prescriptions?
What is the role of the pharmacist in prescriptions?
What is the carrier-mediated form of transport across membranes?
What is the carrier-mediated form of transport across membranes?
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What is the medical use of labetalol?
What is the medical use of labetalol?
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What is a complication for pregnant patients taking certain medications?
What is a complication for pregnant patients taking certain medications?
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What determines the relative volume of distribution for drugs with a long half-life?
What determines the relative volume of distribution for drugs with a long half-life?
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What replaced the lock-and-key understanding of enzyme-substrate activity?
What replaced the lock-and-key understanding of enzyme-substrate activity?
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What is the medical use of scopolamine?
What is the medical use of scopolamine?
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What is the medical use of atropine?
What is the medical use of atropine?
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What neurotransmitter binds to muscarinic receptors?
What neurotransmitter binds to muscarinic receptors?
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What pathway does the liver use to excrete xenobiotics?
What pathway does the liver use to excrete xenobiotics?
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What systems are affected by muscarinic receptors?
What systems are affected by muscarinic receptors?
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What is the state of most drug molecules in the human body?
What is the state of most drug molecules in the human body?
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What neurotransmitter binds to nicotinic receptors?
What neurotransmitter binds to nicotinic receptors?
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What process primarily controls the time-course of adrenergic neurotransmission?
What process primarily controls the time-course of adrenergic neurotransmission?
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What term describes the study of the biological, physical, and chemical processes responsible for changes observed in xenobiotics on living systems over time?
What term describes the study of the biological, physical, and chemical processes responsible for changes observed in xenobiotics on living systems over time?
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Where are transport molecules typically found?
Where are transport molecules typically found?
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What type of drug is Clopidogrel?
What type of drug is Clopidogrel?
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What type of enzymes are involved in inducing a biological effect upon administration?
What type of enzymes are involved in inducing a biological effect upon administration?
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What type of molecules are often reabsorbed from the ultrafiltrate in the kidneys?
What type of molecules are often reabsorbed from the ultrafiltrate in the kidneys?
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How can the process of reabsorption be altered?
How can the process of reabsorption be altered?
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What type of drug induces a biological effect upon induction?
What type of drug induces a biological effect upon induction?
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What type of receptors are RTKs?
What type of receptors are RTKs?
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What is the characteristic of elimination kinetics in first-order elimination?
What is the characteristic of elimination kinetics in first-order elimination?
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What is the age range for neonates?
What is the age range for neonates?
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What are the common side effects of adrenergic agonists on the CNS?
What are the common side effects of adrenergic agonists on the CNS?
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What are the cardiac side effects of β1 adrenergic agonists?
What are the cardiac side effects of β1 adrenergic agonists?
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What are the categories of adrenergic receptor agonists?
What are the categories of adrenergic receptor agonists?
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What are the examples of schedule II drugs?
What are the examples of schedule II drugs?
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What are the features of phase I metabolism enzymes?
What are the features of phase I metabolism enzymes?
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What are the features of sympathetic neuron system activation compared to parasympathetic?
What are the features of sympathetic neuron system activation compared to parasympathetic?
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Which type of drug has no agonistic effects on its own but interferes with agonists?
Which type of drug has no agonistic effects on its own but interferes with agonists?
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What is characteristic of indirect-acting cholinergic agonists?
What is characteristic of indirect-acting cholinergic agonists?
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Which type of drug is most efficacious?
Which type of drug is most efficacious?
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Which type of drug has effects opposite to those of an agonist?
Which type of drug has effects opposite to those of an agonist?
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Which type of drug is likely to have an effect similar to, but less than, a full agonist?
Which type of drug is likely to have an effect similar to, but less than, a full agonist?
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Which drugs are more likely to interact with each other in women?
Which drugs are more likely to interact with each other in women?
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What is a characteristic of a drug with high affinity?
What is a characteristic of a drug with high affinity?
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Which drugs have the same efficacy?
Which drugs have the same efficacy?
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Study Notes
Pharmacology
- Infants are defined as up to 1 year old, while neonates are defined as up to 28 days old.
- Adrenergic agonists may cause CNS side effects.
Elimination Kinetics
- Under constant rate dosing, the amount of drug eliminated per unit of time is constant for zero-order elimination kinetics.
- The amount of drug eliminated per unit of time decreases with time for first-order elimination kinetics.
- It takes 4-5 half-lives to achieve steady-state concentration.
Adrenergic Receptors
- β1 adrenergic agonists can cause cardiac side effects.
- Adrenergic receptor agonists can be categorized into α, β, and dopamine receptors.
- Examples of α adrenergic agonists include metaraminol and phenylephrine.
- Examples of β adrenergic agonists include albuterol and dobutamine.
- Examples of β adrenergic antagonists include propranolol and metoprolol.
Drug Metabolism
- Phase I metabolism involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis reactions.
- Phase I metabolism enzymes are responsible for the biotransformation of xenobiotics.
- The sympathetic neuron system is activated during "fight or flight" responses.
- The parasympathetic neuron system is responsible for promoting relaxation and reducing stress.
Drug Schedules
- Schedule I drugs have a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use.
- Schedule II drugs have a high potential for abuse but have accepted medical use.
- Schedule III drugs have a moderate to low potential for abuse and have accepted medical use.
- Schedule IV drugs have a low potential for abuse and have accepted medical use.
- Schedule V drugs have a low potential for abuse and have accepted medical use.
Dispensing Regulations
- Dispensing regulations vary depending on the drug schedule.
Medical Uses
- Albuterol is used to treat asthma and COPD.
- Atropine is used to treat bradycardia and as an antidote for organophosphate poisoning.
- Dobutamine is used to treat heart failure and cardiogenic shock.
- Epinephrine is used to treat anaphylaxis and cardiac arrest.
- Labetalol is used to treat hypertension and hypertensive crisis.
- Metoprolol is used to treat hypertension, angina, and heart failure.
- Mirabegron is used to treat overactive bladder.
- Pilocarpine is used to treat glaucoma and dry mouth.
- Prazosin is used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia.
- Propranolol is used to treat hypertension, angina, and anxiety disorders.
- Scopolamine is used to treat motion sickness and as a preanesthetic medication.
Drug Interactions
- Drug interactions can occur when two drugs are administered together and affect each other's metabolism or activity.
- Drug interactions can be pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic.
Pharmacokinetics
- The lipid partition coefficient is important for determining the distribution of a drug in the body.
- The volume of distribution of a drug can be affected by its solubility, protein binding, and ionization.
- The half-life of a drug can affect its duration of action and the frequency of dosing.
Enzyme-Substrate Activity
- The lock-and-key model of enzyme-substrate activity has been replaced by a more dynamic model.
- Enzymes can be induced or inhibited by drugs or other molecules.
Xenobiotics
- Xenobiotics are foreign substances that can be metabolized by the body.
- The study of xenobiotics is known as toxicology.
- Xenobiotics can be metabolized through various pathways, including Phase I and Phase II metabolism.
G-Protein Coupled Receptors
- G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a type of receptor that can be activated by agonists or antagonists.
- GPCRs can be involved in various physiological processes, including neurotransmission and hormone signaling.
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
- Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are a type of receptor that can be activated by agonists or antagonists.
- RTKs can be involved in various physiological processes, including cell growth and differentiation.
Transport Molecules
- Transport molecules are involved in the movement of drugs across cell membranes.
- Transport molecules can be inhibited or induced by drugs or other molecules.
Pharmacogenetics
- Pharmacogenetics is the study of how genetic variations affect an individual's response to drugs.
- Pharmacogenetics can help explain why some people may experience adverse effects or lack of efficacy with certain drugs.
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