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Which medication is effective for α adrenergic antagonists?
What is the medical use of epinephrine?
What is the role of the pharmacist in prescriptions?
What is the carrier-mediated form of transport across membranes?
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What is the medical use of labetalol?
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What is a complication for pregnant patients taking certain medications?
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What determines the relative volume of distribution for drugs with a long half-life?
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What replaced the lock-and-key understanding of enzyme-substrate activity?
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What is the medical use of scopolamine?
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What is the medical use of atropine?
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What neurotransmitter binds to muscarinic receptors?
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What pathway does the liver use to excrete xenobiotics?
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What systems are affected by muscarinic receptors?
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What is the state of most drug molecules in the human body?
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What neurotransmitter binds to nicotinic receptors?
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What process primarily controls the time-course of adrenergic neurotransmission?
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What term describes the study of the biological, physical, and chemical processes responsible for changes observed in xenobiotics on living systems over time?
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Where are transport molecules typically found?
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What type of drug is Clopidogrel?
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What type of enzymes are involved in inducing a biological effect upon administration?
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What type of molecules are often reabsorbed from the ultrafiltrate in the kidneys?
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How can the process of reabsorption be altered?
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What type of drug induces a biological effect upon induction?
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What type of receptors are RTKs?
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What is the characteristic of elimination kinetics in first-order elimination?
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What is the age range for neonates?
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What are the common side effects of adrenergic agonists on the CNS?
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What are the cardiac side effects of β1 adrenergic agonists?
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What are the categories of adrenergic receptor agonists?
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What are the examples of schedule II drugs?
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What are the features of phase I metabolism enzymes?
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What are the features of sympathetic neuron system activation compared to parasympathetic?
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Which type of drug has no agonistic effects on its own but interferes with agonists?
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What is characteristic of indirect-acting cholinergic agonists?
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Which type of drug is most efficacious?
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Which type of drug has effects opposite to those of an agonist?
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Which type of drug is likely to have an effect similar to, but less than, a full agonist?
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Which drugs are more likely to interact with each other in women?
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What is a characteristic of a drug with high affinity?
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Which drugs have the same efficacy?
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Study Notes
Pharmacology
- Infants are defined as up to 1 year old, while neonates are defined as up to 28 days old.
- Adrenergic agonists may cause CNS side effects.
Elimination Kinetics
- Under constant rate dosing, the amount of drug eliminated per unit of time is constant for zero-order elimination kinetics.
- The amount of drug eliminated per unit of time decreases with time for first-order elimination kinetics.
- It takes 4-5 half-lives to achieve steady-state concentration.
Adrenergic Receptors
- β1 adrenergic agonists can cause cardiac side effects.
- Adrenergic receptor agonists can be categorized into α, β, and dopamine receptors.
- Examples of α adrenergic agonists include metaraminol and phenylephrine.
- Examples of β adrenergic agonists include albuterol and dobutamine.
- Examples of β adrenergic antagonists include propranolol and metoprolol.
Drug Metabolism
- Phase I metabolism involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis reactions.
- Phase I metabolism enzymes are responsible for the biotransformation of xenobiotics.
- The sympathetic neuron system is activated during "fight or flight" responses.
- The parasympathetic neuron system is responsible for promoting relaxation and reducing stress.
Drug Schedules
- Schedule I drugs have a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use.
- Schedule II drugs have a high potential for abuse but have accepted medical use.
- Schedule III drugs have a moderate to low potential for abuse and have accepted medical use.
- Schedule IV drugs have a low potential for abuse and have accepted medical use.
- Schedule V drugs have a low potential for abuse and have accepted medical use.
Dispensing Regulations
- Dispensing regulations vary depending on the drug schedule.
Medical Uses
- Albuterol is used to treat asthma and COPD.
- Atropine is used to treat bradycardia and as an antidote for organophosphate poisoning.
- Dobutamine is used to treat heart failure and cardiogenic shock.
- Epinephrine is used to treat anaphylaxis and cardiac arrest.
- Labetalol is used to treat hypertension and hypertensive crisis.
- Metoprolol is used to treat hypertension, angina, and heart failure.
- Mirabegron is used to treat overactive bladder.
- Pilocarpine is used to treat glaucoma and dry mouth.
- Prazosin is used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia.
- Propranolol is used to treat hypertension, angina, and anxiety disorders.
- Scopolamine is used to treat motion sickness and as a preanesthetic medication.
Drug Interactions
- Drug interactions can occur when two drugs are administered together and affect each other's metabolism or activity.
- Drug interactions can be pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic.
Pharmacokinetics
- The lipid partition coefficient is important for determining the distribution of a drug in the body.
- The volume of distribution of a drug can be affected by its solubility, protein binding, and ionization.
- The half-life of a drug can affect its duration of action and the frequency of dosing.
Enzyme-Substrate Activity
- The lock-and-key model of enzyme-substrate activity has been replaced by a more dynamic model.
- Enzymes can be induced or inhibited by drugs or other molecules.
Xenobiotics
- Xenobiotics are foreign substances that can be metabolized by the body.
- The study of xenobiotics is known as toxicology.
- Xenobiotics can be metabolized through various pathways, including Phase I and Phase II metabolism.
G-Protein Coupled Receptors
- G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a type of receptor that can be activated by agonists or antagonists.
- GPCRs can be involved in various physiological processes, including neurotransmission and hormone signaling.
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
- Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are a type of receptor that can be activated by agonists or antagonists.
- RTKs can be involved in various physiological processes, including cell growth and differentiation.
Transport Molecules
- Transport molecules are involved in the movement of drugs across cell membranes.
- Transport molecules can be inhibited or induced by drugs or other molecules.
Pharmacogenetics
- Pharmacogenetics is the study of how genetic variations affect an individual's response to drugs.
- Pharmacogenetics can help explain why some people may experience adverse effects or lack of efficacy with certain drugs.
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