Untitled Quiz

Chapter 6: Dynastic Cycle in China

• The dynastic cycle explains the rise and fall of dynasties in China
• A new dynasty emerges as the old one falters
• Improvement and growth happens in the beginning stages
• The dynasty goes through a "golden age"
• A period of neglect, corruption, and ineffective leadership follows the golden age
• Instability and social disorder occur
• Losing wars, famine, and natural disasters follow
• A chaotic period of internal fighting occurs
• A new dynasty emerges

Main themes of each chapter

• Politics explores the questions of who has power and how it's acquired
• Economics deals with resource management and maintaining economic activity
• Social themes cover roles, gender, family, language, religion, technology, social order, classes, art, and culture

Prophet Mohamed

• Born around 570 BCE
• Born into the Quraysh tribe, which dominated Mecca
• The Quraysh oversaw the Kaaba's affairs
• Raised by an impoverished uncle who had connections to caravan trade routes
• Became a merchant via his uncle's influence
• It is unknown if he had formal education
• Most information about him comes from oral traditions
• Met a wealthy widow who granted him control over her caravans from Mecca to Jerusalem
• This exposed him to diverse cultures
• Married the wealthy widow, enabling him to focus on monotheistic religions
• He wished for Arabian society to develop more quickly
• Mohamed believed it was lagging behind
• Recorded revelations (wisdom) during visions from Allah (God)
• Hadith is traditional Islam where people live "like Mohamed"
• Committed to compiling all his conversations with God, but did not finish it prior to dying
• Based Islam on the traditions of monotheistic religions like Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and Christianity
• He opposed traditional Arabian polytheism
• The Quran was an update to prior monotheistic religions
• Mohamed believed he was the prophet in this update
• Began preaching publicly around 40 years old
• Preached for societal, economic, and political change
• He felt they needing to do things differently, challenging the existing system, especially in Mecca
• Said worshipping the Kabba opposed true monotheism
• Caused problems with Mecca's leaders due to popular support
• Mohamed and his followers fled Mecca

The Hijra

• Mohamed fled from Mecca to Medina
• He was invited by Jews in Medina
• This formed the Umma community
• The Islamic calendar starts in 622 AD
• Welcomed by the people, he then faced resistance from the leader
• Mohamed became the theocrat of the city (religious leader)

Muhammad's Return to Mecca

• Attacks Mecca in 630 AD leading to Jihad
• Converts Mecca to Islam
• Destroys pagan sites, replacing them with mosques

The 5 Pillars of Islam

• Belief in one God
• Pray five times a day
• Observe Ramadan
• Give alms to the poor
• Make a pilgrimage to Mecca, called the Hajj

Islamic Law: The Sharia

• Standardizes Islamic law
• Based in the Quran
• Extends to all life aspects

Expansion of islam

• Included early military victories
• Assaulted the Byzantines to the North and the Persians to the East
• Syria and Palestine falls in 636 AD
• Persia gets captured in one battle
• Expansion into India and to the borders of China occured
• Egypt and North Africa was also invaded
• Spain fell between 711-720 AD
• At the Battle of Tours October 732 Charles Martel stopped the Muslims from expanding into modern day France
• The siege of Constantinople occured 717-718 AD
• Key figures include Leo III and Greek fire

Reasons for Success

• Neighbor's lack of preparedness contributed to early wins
• Nationalist sentiments in Egypt and Syria played a role
• There were arguments amongst Christian factions
• The speed and size of Muslim armies was an advantage
• Islam had a simple and uncomplicated nature
• There was acceptance of converts

Consequences of Expansion

• Christianity lost some of its oldest and most important lands
• The Bishop of Rome's ascendancy was aided
• Zoroastrianism was wiped out
• Power shifted in Europe from East (Constantinople) to West (Rome)

Succession issues for the Boss?

• Mohamed lacked surviving male children
• His son-in-law Ali, was put in charge
• Doubts about Ali's leadership caused a split between supporters and opponents
• The split created a permanent division in the Islamic community
• Sunnis considered themselves orthodox followers of Mohamed
• Sunnis viewed Shias as dissenters
• They believed Abu Bakr was the rightful leader
• Abu Bakr, then Uthman, then Ali then the Umayyad took position
• The Shias thought Ali was the right guy

Key Figures

• Abu Bakr was not well-liked by the Muslim community
• He allowed invasions from Persians and Byzantines
• He killed anyone he disagreed with
• Uthman succeeded Abu Akbar and was murdered
• Ali took his place following Uthman
• Eventually Ali gets murdered

Umayyad Empire

• Crossed the Indian Ocean into India
• Syria was the center of the Islamic world
• They were eventually displaced by the Abbasids
• The Abbasids were an Arab family claiming descent from Mohammed

Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty

• Used diverse nature of administration (not exclusively Arab)
• Abbasids were militarily competent but not bent on imperial expansion
• They grew through military activity of independent Islamic armies

Caliph Harun al-Rashid (787-809 CE)

• High point of the Abbasid dynasty
• Baghdad became the capital
• There were great cultural activities
• They were tremendously advanced compared to Europe

Abbasid Decline

• Included a civil war between the sons of Harun al-Rashid
• Provincial governors asserted regional independence
• Sects were disagreeing
• The Abbasid caliphs became puppets of Persian nobility

Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition

• Included Islamic values like uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam
• Establishments of Madrasa (Religious school)
• Emphasized the importance of the Hajj
• Sufi Missionaries practiced asceticism and mysticism
• Creating some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians
• Sufi Missionary reached wide popularity

Cultural Influences on Islam

• Persia had administration and governance as well as lIterature
• India had mathematics, science, medicine, and "Hindi" numbers
• Greece had philosophy, esp. Aristotle and Greek medicine

Cultural Importance of Islam

• Islam was distributed throughout the Middle East, Asia, North Africa, Europe
• Introduction and Reintroduction of Greek ideas to medieval Europe
• Particularly throughout Spain Spanish Jews thrived for a time

Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia

• Mid 9th century Abbasid Dynasty had begun to lose control over empire
• Shi'a revolts and assassination attempts happened against Abbasid officials
• Al-Mahdi (3rd Abbasid Caliph) financially drained empire
• He did not name a successor
• Harun al-Rashid (786-809) was the most famous and longest lasting Abbasid caliph
• Succession wars and army build-up occurred after Harun's death
• Social unrest existed
• Power behind Abbasid throne deminished
• Freedom and influence of women declined
• Abbasid society was male dominated
• Women began to be veiled and there was a demand for concubines/male slaves

Key Groups

• The Buyids of Persia captured Baghdad in 945 CE
• Caliphs became powerless and were controlled by sultans
• The Suljuk Turks mercenaries used by Abbasids defeated the Buyids in 1055
• The Selkuks were Sunni, eliminating the Shi'a
• Seljuks defeated Egyptians and Byzantines

The Crusades

• 1096 CE- West European Christian knights invaded Muslim territory
• This was enacted to capture the biblical Holy Land
• They established small, rival kingdoms that most were recaptured with the exception of Acre- Last to fall in 1291 CE
• Europeans borrowed from Muslim civilizations
• Europeans recovered lost Greek learning
• There was little interest shown by muslims in Europe

Age of Learning and Artistic Refinement

• There was great advanced in medicine, cartography, and mathematics
• Ulama (religious scholars) conserved and sketched out western/outside influences/scientific thought which was bad
• Mongols were a major threat to Islamic lands
• They raided their way across continental Asia
• Chinggis (Gengis) khan destroyed Turki and Persian kingdoms east of Baghdad
• His grandson, Hulegu continued the assault
• 1258 Last Abbasid ruler was killed when Baghdad was captured
• Mongols did not care about setting up government, they just collected payments

The Coming of Islam to South Asia

• Muslims added complexity to Indian civilization
• Hinduism is open and tolerant, Islam monotheistic,(Equal in the eyes of god)
• Muslim traders started in port cities
• Indians welcomed muslim rulers because they offered religious tolerance and lighter taxes
• Southeast Asian traders were around the 7th and 8th centuries
• By the 8th century Muslims gained control of Indian commerce
• Islamic culture spreads to Southeast Asia
• Conversion was natural and spread via trade
• First conversion happened in small Sumatran ports
• Coastal regions were the most receptive because the Muslim traders did not head inland
• Women in Sufi society held a stronger familial position versus the Middle East and India
• Islam thrived despite the abbasids falling

Chapter 8: African Civilizations and the Spread of Islam

• States - Rulers in hierarchy of officials
• Stateless - Uncivilized, no real organization
• Secret - Based on culture and tradition

Similarities of African Civilizations

• The civilizations all came from Bantu speaking people
• They all believe everything has a soul
• They are linked through religion and economics
• Family was important

Islam in North Africa

• Muslim armies moved west from Egypt across Tunisia to Spain, spreading islam in North Africa
• The Berbers started Almoravid Movement Jihad against ruling Arabs
• Creating Umma in the religion

Christian Nubia and Ethiopia

• Christianity was in the area prior to Islam
• Copts from Egypt kept their faith and tolerated when Arabs conquered
• Ethiopia was isolated under King Lalibela

Key Geographical Features

• Sahal is responsible for stopping islam expansion and is a strip of land that separates the sahara
• Mali

Mali

• The empire was created after breaking away from Ghana
• Full blown society
• It had strong traditional stories
• Mansa Musa spread the culture going on pilgrimages

Songhay

• Succeeded Mali with muslim roots
• Mixing traditions and other beliefs together
• It was at war

City Dwellers and Villagers

• Expansion and trade helped economy
• Consisted of scholars, craft specialists, and merchants
• Most people were farmers focused in farming
• Polygamy was promoted because of family

Political and Social lifw

• Larger states were rules by family
• Leaders helped write for government
• People related to mothers was importnat
• Conversion equals freedom
• migration came to coastal trading posts

Trde

• There were many ports and trading routes
• Exports; Ivory Gold, Iron Slaves Exotic Animals
• Imports: Silk from Persia, Porcelain from China

Chapter 9: Byzantine Empire and Orthodox Europe

Post-Roman Empire: Political and Religious Divisions

• Two civilizations out the splitting of Roman, East= Orthodox, West=Catholic
• 324 CE: Emperor Constantine of Roman Empire built Byzantium
• Constantinople involved in commerce
• The spread of Islam strengthens Eastern Orthodox Christianity Northward

Justinian

• Reigns: 527-565.
• ruler
• Military gains North Africa
• Roman
• Rules rid

Muslim Pressure and Byzantine Defenses

• The rulers after Justinian concern was defence Greek • Empire's • Losing people

Byzantine Politics

• Leaders Roman emperors • Multi aristocracy • Provincial appointed • Military hereditary • Army follow instructions

Byzantine Culture

• Elaborate • Richly • Icon • Culturally

The Great Schism (1054)

• The churches • Roman State • Priests play • Eucharist

Chapter 10: A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe

The Franks AD

• The Germanic Tribes ROme • One Kingdoms • Known Empire

Clovis and Charles

• Clovis: • barbarians • when battle

Charles(The Hammer):

• muslims Tours

The age of Charlemagne

• He emperor pope • huge Italy, Spain • Christianity

The vikings

• Charlemagne's viking settlemts • The lands settlet

Feudalism

• Hierarchy busy castles) and • King(usually Vassal-> Villagers(

Religion in Dark age europe

• Parish Priests: the church peasant had. • Might • The morality • The Village Church: • The middle ages • Prosperous churchs • payers

Monks and Nuns:

• The set monks • Obedience abbess • Live Poverty • No sex In Pope VII priests( consolidate power)

Jews in

• Jewish Europe • In Christians Jews • They wars, famine, the plague • The massacre • As Europe

New Technology

• New Europe • New par modern world

Expanding Production:

• Restored the land)

Trade Revives

• Merchant • expanded • Trade place

Commercial Revolution:

• Trade need which banks • Bill money another money

Town and City Life

• Towns • Towns • No logistics

Role of Guilds

• A or artists a • The • Trades members • Monopolized

The Magna Carta

• King • They Magna carta • Magna must obey

Development of Parliament

• Started nobles • Parliament • Edward “common people”

The Estates General

• Philip setting General 1302 • The so Engllish • When nobility

A Global Epidemic (The plague)

• The flea • The rat • 80/90% died • The world

Economic EffectsL

• European • Survivors • Farm labor • The revolts

The Americas on the Eve of Invasions

Mesoamerica: Before the Aztecs • Pre-Columbian(Before • Era • The Maya • nomads

The Aztec Rise to Power

• People/Power moved to shores of lakes in Mexico valley
• Aztecs move to Lake Texcoco ca. 1325
• Tenochtitlan(island city state) est. 1325
• 1434- Aztecs dominate central valley and begin to conquer other city-states
• Establish a tribute empire(you give me food and resources and I don't mess with you)
• Independent kingdoms opposed Aztecs

Aztec Society

• Subject peoples forced to pay tribute
• Stratified society under supreme ruler
• Clans (Calpulli) dictated social status
• Social gaps widen (nobility vs. commoners)
• Organized for war and motivated by religious zeal

Aztec Religion

• Cynical WorldView → impending destruction
• Animism- connection between spiritual and natural world
• Pay tribute to gods through festivals, ceremonies, feasting, dancing, warfare, and sacrifice
• Cult of Sacrifice → Huitzilopochtli
• Increase in Human Sacrifice → captives became sacrificial victims

Aztec Economy

• Agricultural community
• Chinampas: Man-made floating islands that yielded large amounts of crops
• Vibrant daily markets highly regulated by state Tribute system also supported economy

Aztec Gender and Technology

• Women's primary domain: Household, cooking, weaving
• Arranged marriage
• Technological restraints

Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu)

• Chimor Kingdom (900-1465)
• Quechua-speaking clans (ayllus) around Cuzco
• Expansions under Pachacuti (ruler, or Sapa Inca)
• Controlled 3000 miles of empire; between 9-13 million people

Techniques of Inca Imperial Rule

• Highly centralized bureaucracy
• Tribute empire based on labor and integration → Mita
• Military: system of roads, way station (tambos), storehouses
• "Split Inheritance” necessitates

Inca Society

• Ayllus basic units of society (societal classes)
• Women had property rights; still subordinate
• Emphasis on reciprocity and hierarchy
• Privileged nobility; basis of bureaucracy
• No merchant class → limited trade

Inca Culture

• Polytheistic, animisitc→ Virococha (creator/sun god) is highest
• Huacas→ holy shrines (found in mountains, stones, rivers, caves, tombs, temples)
• Many cultural achievements:
• Pottery and cloth
• Metallurgy (copper, bronze)
• Quipu- knotted strings for accounting
• Complex irrigation

Chapter 12: Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties

• Fall of Han Dynasty in 220 CE China alternated unification and fragmentation as traumatic as the fall of Rome for Western Europe
• 589 and 906 CE, China had political revival Sui/Tang Dynasties
• rocked by Mongols in the 1200's
• Sui Dynasty Dynasty(589-618 CE).
• China
• Tang (618-906 CE), China
• China to Mongolia, Tibet,
• the Tang used other Han
• water to Rivers
• the Tang
• the China in Indian

Culture in Tang China

Tang patrong creation an key of learning

• Tang to Korea
• elite

Tang Examination System

Tang train in classics exam by role for

• System System family

State and Religion

• Buddhism
• Tang
• for

Tang Decline

• 800's
• 906, disunity

China after the Tang

• After states until
• The Empire
• Empire 1279
• threat empire the is the

gave from

Song Characteristics

Economically

• Steady • Worlds • Largest million) • More • More • The • large • Ocean

Song Culture and Religion

• With China the world

Excellent

Celestial built time of

Chinese Inventions of the Song Era

• Gunpowder
• Paper
• Block

Religion

• teachings, ism
• Chinese tendency
• the Civil system

Women in Chinese Society

• Neo-subordination

Early benefit.

• Chinese over

Japan: The Imperial Age

• Taika, by

Crisis at Nara and the Shift to Heian( Kyto)

Taika

• rule
• Bureaucracy
• Aristotle monks

Capital to Heian (aka Kyoto):

Taika Aristocracy

Ultra Civilized: Court Life in the Heian Era

• codes • Aesthetic • Poetry • Women • Lofy Gens

The Decline of Imperial Power

• Fujiwara: • Imperial • Cooperate • Elite cult

The Rise of the Provincial Warrior Elite

Regional

Fortress

• Semi- • Samurai

Chapter 14-The mongols

from and

Not society

Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan

• nomad groups clans

Early Career of Chinggis Khan

• role leader to • Building Mongolian War m • Natural from bravery • Used •

Mongol Empire Under Chinggis Khan

• Mongolia Middle • Karakorum

Conquest: Mongol Drive to the West

Into khanates • Ilchan Persia • Jagatai ( empire- Asia

Russia in Bondage

• The
• The
• Mongol to Russia

Mongols in China

• The mongols khan

Qing China (1644-1912)

• Was • China Qimg

• Was relationship
• And
• the Them

Chapter 15: The Changing Balance of World Power

• From and China

Changes in the Middle East

• 1200 the
• 1258 Was

China

Was

Did the

Of Western Influence

• Was
• Was and what

Chapter 16: The Western's First Outreach: Maritime Power

Increasing

Changing

New technology New Portugual and Spanish Lead the Pack Columgus new Ferdinand navigation

Northern European Expeditions: England, Holland,

The Exchange Food The World

Colonial

Colonies •

Was and why Spain • With

Toward a World Economy

Greatly trade

West 1450-1750

• The Renaissance • Writers