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Questions and Answers
What is the difference between an element and a compound?
The Particle Theory of Matter states that particles are always moving.
True
What is the physical property of a substance that is the ability to be bent into different shapes?
Malleability
The chemical property of a substance that is the ability to burn is known as ______________.
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Match the following physical properties with their definitions:
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What is the density of a substance with a mass of 39.5 g and a volume of 22L?
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Which elements are man-made?
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Is Hydrogen an Alkali Metal?
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What happens when a plastic comb is rubbed with a sheep?
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Only insulators can be charged in the induction process.
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What is the third method of transferring electrical charges?
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The equation to measure current is ______________.
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What is the method of discharging an electrical object by touching it to a neutral object?
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Match the following methods of transferring electrical charges with their descriptions:
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Rubbing paper with wax makes paper become positive and wax become negative.
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What is the electrostatic series?
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Study Notes
Elements and Compounds
- An element is a substance that consists of only one type of atom.
- A compound is a substance that consists of two or more different elements, chemically bonded together.
Particle Theory of Matter
- All matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms and molecules.
- All particles of a pure substance are the same and are different from particles of another pure substance.
- Particles are always moving, and their motion increases with temperature.
- Particles attract each other, with stronger forces when closer together.
Physical Properties
- Physical state: solid, liquid, or gas.
- Hardness: resistance to being scratched or dented.
- Malleability: ability to be bent into different shapes.
- Ductility: ability to be pulled into long thin wires.
- Melting and boiling points: temperatures at which a substance changes state.
- Solubility: ability of a substance to dissolve.
- Viscosity: measure of how easily a liquid flows.
- Density: amount of matter per unit volume of that matter.
Chemical Properties
- Combustibility: ability of a substance to burn.
- Reactivity: how easily a substance reacts with another substance.
- Sensitivity to light: how a substance reacts when exposed to light.
Density Calculations
- Density formula: D = mass / volume.
- Example: Density of a substance with a mass of 39.5 g and a volume of 22L is 1.8 g/L.
- Example: Density of a basketball with a mass of 758 g and a volume of 344.55 mL is 2.20 g/mL.
Atomic Notation
- Technetium: 99Tc43.
Atomic Structure
- Number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in Astatine: 85, 125, and 85 respectively.
Isotopes
- Isotopes are two or more forms of an element with the same number of protons and different numbers of neutrons.
Man-made Elements
- Elements 93-103 are man-made.
Element Classification
- Hydrogen is not an Alkali Metal.
Insulators and Conductors
- An insulator is a material that prevents the flow of electricity, while a conductor is a material that allows the flow of electricity.
Electrostatic Series
- The electrostatic series is the order of materials that can be charged by rubbing against each other.
- Examples of electrostatic series include:
- Rubbing paper with wax: Paper becomes negative, wax becomes positive.
- Rubbing a Taqwa hoodie with glass: Hoodie becomes negative, glass becomes positive.
- Rubbing a plastic comb with a sheep: Comb becomes negative, sheep wool becomes positive.
Transferring Electrical Charges
- There are three ways to transfer electrical charges:
- Friction: Objects made of different materials are rubbed together, producing a static net charge on each object.
- Contact: Charging by contact occurs when a charged object touches a neutral object, causing electrons to move to balance the charges.
- Induction: A charged object can transfer a charge to a neutral object without touching it, only possible with conductors.
Discharging Electrical Objects
- There are two methods to discharge an electrical object:
- Grounding: Connecting the object to the ground to remove excess charge.
- Discharge at a point: Discharging the object at a specific point to remove excess charge.
Circuit Diagrams
- A 3-cell, complete, controlled circuit with a variable resistor can be drawn as follows:
- [Insert diagram]
- A fused, parallel circuit with a 4-cell battery and 4 light bulbs (minimum 2 in series) can be drawn as follows:
- [Insert diagram]
Measuring Current
- The equation to measure current is: [Insert equation]
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Description
Understand the basic concepts of elements and compounds, and learn about the particle theory of matter, including the properties of atoms and molecules.
