Osmotic Regulation in Cells
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of transport epithelia in animals?

  • To regulate the solute content of body fluid (correct)
  • To filter waste products from the blood
  • To synthesize proteins for cellular functions
  • To produce hormones for growth and development

    • What type of environment do marine fish live in and how do they regulate it?

  • Isotonic environment, by drinking limited water
  • Hypotonic environment, by producing a concentrated urine
  • Hypertonic environment, by producing a diluted urine
  • Hypertonic environment, by excreting salt through gills (correct)

    • What is anhydrobiosis and which organisms exhibit this adaptation?

  • A type of migration, exhibited by salmon
  • A state of dormancy, exhibited by tardigrades (correct)
  • A type of camouflage, exhibited by octopuses
  • A type of hibernation, exhibited by bears

    • How do terrestrial animals primarily lose water?

    <p>Through evaporation from breathing and body surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of nasal glands in marine birds?

    <p>To remove excess sodium chloride from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of ammonia removal in aquatic organisms?

    <p>Excretion across the whole body surface or through gills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main nitrogenous waste product excreted by mammals and most adult amphibians?

    <p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environment do freshwater fish live in and how do they regulate it?

    <p>Hypotonic environment, by producing a diluted urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the nephron?

    <p>To produce a protein-free filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between protonephridia and metanephridia?

    <p>Metanephridia are more sophisticated and have a network of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule in the nephron?

    <p>To reabsorb 60% of the filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the antennal glands in crustaceans?

    <p>To reabsorb salts prior to excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Malpighian tubules in insects and spiders?

    <p>To secrete insoluble uric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an organism that maintains a constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment?

    <p>Osmotic regulator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an organism that changes its internal environment in response to changes in the external environment?

    <p>Osmotic conformer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an environment with a higher solute concentration than the internal environment?

    <p>Hypertonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of osmotic regulation in animals?

    <p>To maintain an isotonic environment within the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environment would cause a cell to lose water and shrink?

    <p>Hypertonic environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animal is tolerant of a wider range of salinity changes?

    <p>Euryhaline species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of water molecules across a cell membrane from areas of high water concentration to areas of low water concentration?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vertebrate kidney?

    <p>Excretion of nitrogenous waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animal maintains an equal solute concentration to the surrounding environment?

    <p>Osmotic conformers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ideal environment for most animal cells?

    <p>Isotonic environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which animals conserve water in arid environments?

    <p>Anhydrobiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of osmosis?

    <p>To achieve equilibrium in water concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the concentration of solutes when the concentration of water increases?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environment has a higher solute concentration than the internal environment?

    <p>Hypertonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of water molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen to a cell in a hypertonic environment?

    <p>It would shrink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal environment for most animal cells?

    <p>Isotonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the concentration of water when the concentration of solutes increases?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an environment with a lower solute concentration than the internal environment?

    <p>Hypotonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of osmotic regulation in animals?

    <p>To maintain dynamic equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen to a cell in a hypotonic environment?

    <p>It would swell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an isotonic solution, what happens to the red blood cells?

    <p>The cells will maintain their shape and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an organism that maintains an equal solute concentration to the surrounding environment?

    <p>Osmotic Conformer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution?

    <p>The cell will gain water and eventually burst.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an environment with a higher solute concentration than the internal environment?

    <p>Hypertonic Environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of water molecules across a cell membrane from areas of high water concentration to areas of low water concentration?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of animal is tolerant of a wider range of salinity changes?

    <p>Euryhaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a hypertonic solution, what happens to a red blood cell?

    <p>The cell will lose water and shrivel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of osmotic regulation in animals?

    <p>To maintain a stable internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environment would cause a cell to gain water and swell?

    <p>Hypotonic Environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an environment with an equal solute concentration to the internal environment?

    <p>Isotonic Environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary problem faced by freshwater fish?

    <p>Getting rid of excess water through dilute urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do freshwater fish retain salts in their bodies?

    <p>Through active transport from the surrounding water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the state of dormancy induced by lack of water?

    <p>Anhydrobiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do fish in freshwater environments get rid of excess water?

    <p>By producing a dilute urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the gills in freshwater fish?

    <p>To absorb both oxygen and salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do freshwater fish avoid drinking water?

    <p>Because they want to maintain osmotic balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of urinary excretion in freshwater fish?

    <p>To get rid of excess water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do freshwater fish maintain a stable internal environment?

    <p>By regulating the amount of water in their bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of active transport in freshwater fish?

    <p>To absorb salts from the water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do some animals, like tardigrades, undergo anhydrobiosis?

    <p>To survive in environments with limited water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient provides the greatest amount of metabolic water?

    <p>Fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do animals in the desert try to minimize to conserve water?

    <p>Urine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of animals in the desert in terms of regulating water?

    <p>To conserve water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when animals in the desert eat something fatty?

    <p>They conserve more water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do animals in the desert try to regulate in addition to water?

    <p>Other minerals and ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge faced by shore crabs living in pools of water near the beach?

    <p>Adapting to changes in salinity due to rain and evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why fish living in the ocean are in a hypertonic environment?

    <p>They have a higher concentration of solutes in their body than the surrounding seawater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the concentrated urine produced by fish living in the ocean?

    <p>To remove excess salt and maintain a stable osmoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which fish living in the ocean maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment?

    <p>Osmoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which fish living in the ocean lose water?

    <p>Through the gills and skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the increase in salt concentration in the pools of water where shore crabs live on a hot sunny day?

    <p>Concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of shore crabs being able to tolerate a wider range of salinity changes?

    <p>They can survive in a wider range of environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of salt ions from the body of the fish to the surrounding seawater?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which fish living in the ocean regulate their body osmolality?

    <p>Regulating the concentration of solutes in their body through active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of metabolic water in animals?

    <p>To replenish lost water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the decrease in salt concentration in the pools of water where shore crabs live on a rainy day?

    <p>Dilution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animals can complete their life cycles without drinking water?

    <p>Desert-dwelling animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of water gain in humans from metabolic water?

    <p>12%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of water gain in desert animals from metabolic water?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do terrestrial animals constantly lose water?

    <p>Due to evaporation from skin and breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the air we breathe out?

    <p>It gets humid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of cellular respiration that contributes to metabolic water?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do animals in arid environments conserve water?

    <p>By conserving metabolic water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of evaporation on terrestrial animals?

    <p>It causes them to lose water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for water produced as a byproduct of cellular respiration?

    <p>Metabolic water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the excretory system in animals?

    <p>To remove nitrogenous wastes and excess substances from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals excrete uric acid as their primary nitrogenous waste?

    <p>Birds and reptiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nephron in the kidney?

    <p>To filter, reabsorb, secrete, and excrete waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of reabsorption in the nephron?

    <p>Reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a primitive excretory system?

    <p>Proton nephridia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the antennal gland in crustaceans?

    <p>To filter the hemolymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals excrete ammonia as their primary nitrogenous waste?

    <p>Fish and aquatic animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Malpighian tubules in insects and spiders?

    <p>To absorb and secrete ions, water, and nitrogenous wastes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubules in the nephron?

    <p>To reabsorb water and ions under hormonal control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the collecting duct in the nephron?

    <p>To regulate the amount of water reabsorbed into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the urinary bladder is emptied?

    <p>Micturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the smooth muscle in the urinary bladder?

    <p>To contract and expel urine from the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sensory receptors in the urinary bladder?

    <p>To detect the amount of urine in the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the arteriole in the nephron?

    <p>To branch from the renal artery and lead to the afferent arteriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the internal urinary sphincter?

    <p>To prevent the backflow of urine into the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the afferent and efferent arterioles?

    <p>The afferent arteriole leads to the glomerulus and the efferent arteriole leads away from the glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Bowman's capsule?

    <p>To allow for the diffusion of smaller substances from the glomerulus into the filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the external urinary sphincter?

    <p>To voluntarily control the flow of urine out of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the motor neurons in the urinary bladder?

    <p>To stimulate the contraction of the smooth muscle in the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

    <p>To reabsorb substances such as water, glucose, and amino acids into the peritubular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the loop of Henle?

    <p>To concentrate or dilute the filtrate based on the body's needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the collecting duct?

    <p>To collect the filtrate and transport it to the renal pelvis to form urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of substances from the tubules of the nephron into the peritubular capillaries?

    <p>Tubular reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubules of the nephron?

    <p>Tubular secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the renal corpuscle?

    <p>To filter blood and separate smaller substances from larger ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the peritubular capillaries?

    <p>To allow for the reabsorption of substances into the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Osmotic Regulation

    • Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a cell membrane from areas of high water concentration to areas of low water concentration.
    • The environment can be classified as hypertonic (higher solute and lower water concentration), hypotonic (lower solute and higher water concentration), or isotonic (equal water and solute concentration).
    • Isotonic environment is ideal for most animal cells, and osmotic regulation helps maintain it internally.

    Osmotic Regulation in Marine Invertebrates

    • Osmotic conformers maintain an equal solute concentration to seawater, have limited osmotic regulation, and are stenohaline (tolerate little changes in salinity).
    • Euryhaline species, on the other hand, can tolerate a wider range of salinity.

    Osmotic Regulation in Fish

    • Marine fish live in a hypertonic environment and deal with water loss and salt uptake by hypoosmotic regulation.
    • They do this by drinking water, producing a concentrated urine, and excreting salt through gills by active transport.
    • Freshwater fish live in a hypotonic environment and deal with salt and minerals loss and water uptake by hyperosmotic regulation.
    • They do this by drinking limited water and producing a diluted urine.

    Life in Temporary Pools

    • Some aquatic invertebrates in temporary ponds lose almost all their body water and survive in a dormant state called anhydrobiosis.
    • Examples include tardigrades.

    Osmotic Regulation in Terrestrial Animals

    • Terrestrial animals lose water by evaporation, excretion, and replace it by water in food, drinking, and metabolic water.
    • They regulate the solute content of body fluid that bathes their cells.

    Transport Epithelia

    • Transport epithelia are epithelial cells that are specialized for moving solutes in specific directions.
    • They are typically arranged in complex tubular networks.
    • An example is in nasal glands of marine birds, which remove excess sodium chloride from the blood.

    Excretory Systems

    • Nitrogenous wastes are produced by animals and need to be excreted.
    • Aquatic organisms release ammonia across the whole body surface or through gills.
    • Mammals and most adult amphibians convert ammonia to urea in the liver, and the circulatory system carries it to the kidneys.
    • Insects, land snails, and many reptiles, including birds, mainly excrete uric acid.

    Functions of Excretory Systems

    • Most excretory systems produce urine by refining a filtrate derived from body fluids.
    • Key functions include filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion.

    Types of Excretory Systems

    • Protonephridia in acoelomates (flatworms) and pseudocoelomates (nematodes and rotifers) collect body fluids through collecting tubules and the action of a flame cell.
    • Metanephridia in annelids is a more sophisticated system, having two openings and being surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
    • Antennal glands (green glands) take a protein-free ultrafiltrate from the blood, and reabsorbs salts prior to excretion.
    • Malpighian tubules in insects and spiders operate in conjunction with the rectum to secrete insoluble uric acid.
    • Vertebrate kidneys have three physiological functions: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion.
    • The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.

    Osmoregulation

    • Osmoregulation is the process by which animals regulate the concentration of solutes in their cells and bodily fluids.
    • Osmoregulation is crucial as it helps maintain proper cellular function and prevents dehydration or overhydration.

    Osmosis

    • Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.
    • Osmosis helps achieve equilibrium, a state in which the concentration of solutes is equal on both sides of the membrane.

    Types of Environments

    • Hypotonic environment: a solution with a lower concentration of solutes than the cell.
    • Hypertonic environment: a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the cell.
    • Isotonic environment: a solution with the same concentration of solutes as the cell.

    Cellular Response to Osmotic Pressure

    • In a hypotonic environment, water moves into the cell, causing it to swell and potentially lyse (burst).
    • In a hypertonic environment, water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink and potentially die.

    examples of Osmoregulation in Animals

    • Marine invertebrates: Some marine invertebrates are osmotic conformers, meaning they regulate their body fluid concentration to match that of the surrounding seawater.
    • Spider crabs: can survive in a narrow range of salinity (400-650 micro moles).
    • Shore crabs: can survive in a wider range of salinity (up to 600 micro moles) due to their ability to tolerate changes in salinity.

    Fish

    • Fish that live in the ocean: live in a hypertonic environment, and must drink water to replenish lost fluids and excrete excess salt through concentrated urine.
    • Fish that live in freshwater: live in a hypotonic environment, and must excrete excess water through diluted urine and avoid drinking too much water.

    Terrestrial Animals

    • Terrestrial animals constantly lose water through evaporation and breathing, and must replenish it through drinking water and eating food with high water content.
    • Desert animals: can survive without drinking water by relying on metabolic water produced during cell respiration.

    Metabolic Water

    • Metabolic water is water produced as a byproduct of cell respiration.

    • In humans, metabolic water makes up 12% of our daily water intake.

    • In desert animals, metabolic water can make up to 90% of their daily water intake.### Metabolic Water in Desert Animals

    • Fats contain a lot of hydrogen atoms that can combine with oxygen to form water during metabolic breakdown.

    • When desert animals eat fatty foods, they also secure the water that will be produced during metabolism.

    • This metabolic water is essential for desert animals to compensate for water losses.

    Water Conservation in Desert Animals

    • Desert animals minimize water loss through urine by not urinating much.
    • Evaporation is a significant problem for desert animals.
    • Feces contain a minimal amount of water.
    • Desert animals must regulate their water intake to compensate for losses and eliminate excess water and minerals.

    Nitrogenous Wastes

    • Nitrogenous wastes result from protein digestion and must be removed to prevent toxicity.
    • Animals have different strategies for removing nitrogenous wastes, depending on their environment and physiology.

    Strategies for Nitrogenous Waste Removal

    • Aquatic animals convert amino groups to ammonia (NH3) and excrete it through skin, gills, or body coverings.
    • Mammals convert amino groups to urea, which is less toxic than ammonia, and excrete it in urine.
    • Birds, reptiles, and land snails convert amino groups to uric acid, which is non-toxic and can be stored in the body until excreted.

    Excretory Systems

    • Excretory systems produce urine by refining a filtrate that collects excess water, salts, minerals, and nitrogenous wastes.
    • Filtrate undergoes reabsorption, where the animal reclaims water and other essential materials.
    • Remaining waste is then secreted and excreted.

    Primitive Excretory Systems

    • Proton nephridia (flatworms) use flame cells to push water and wastes out of the body.
    • Metanephridia (annelids, e.g., earthworms) have a network of capillaries for reabsorption and secretion.

    Advanced Excretory Systems

    • Crayfish have a green gland (antennal gland) that filters the hemolymph (open circulatory system).
    • Insects and spiders have malpighian tubules that absorb and secrete ions, water, and nitrogenous wastes into the intestine.
    • Vertebrates have kidneys with nephrons, which filter, reabsorb, secrete, and excrete waste.

    Kidney Function

    • Nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion.
    • Nephron consists of:
      • Afferent arteriole
      • Efferent arteriole
      • Bowman's capsule
      • Glomerulus
      • Proximal convoluted tubule
      • Descending branch of Henle's loop
      • Ascending limb of Henle's loop
      • Distal convoluted tubule
      • Collecting duct

    Nephron and Urinary System

    • The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine formation.
    • The urinary system is closely associated with the cardiovascular system.

    Cardiovascular System and Nephron

    • The cardiovascular system contains blood, which has plasma with electrolytes, salts, and waste products.
    • Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, and veins are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart.
    • 99% of the time, arteries are associated with oxygen-rich blood, and veins are associated with oxygen-poor blood.
    • Cardiovascular system structures associated with the nephron include the arteriole, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, and peritubular capillaries.

    Nephron Structure

    • The nephron consists of a Bowman's capsule, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of the loop of Henle, ascending limb of the loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubules, and collecting duct.
    • The glomerulus plus Bowman's capsule together form the renal corpuscle.

    Urine Formation

    • There are three processes involved in urine formation: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.
    • Glomerular filtration occurs at the renal corpuscle, where smaller substances in the plasma are separated from larger substances.
    • Tubular reabsorption is the movement of substances from the tubules of the nephron into the peritubular capillaries.
    • Tubular secretion is the movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubules of the nephron.

    Urine Formation Processes

    • Glomerular filtration: smaller substances in the plasma are separated from larger substances, and the smaller substances are delivered to the nephron via the afferent arteriole.
    • Tubular reabsorption: substances are reabsorbed back into the body via the peritubular capillaries, such as water, glucose, amino acids, ions, and sodium.
    • Tubular secretion: substances are added to the filtrate to be eliminated as waste, such as potassium ions, hydrogen ions, ammonia, and drugs.

    Urine Composition and Expulsion

    • After the distal convoluted tubules, the substance is now called urine and enters the collecting duct.
    • At the collecting duct, the last of tubular reabsorption of water occurs, and the dilution or concentration of urine occurs.
    • Once urine has been produced by the kidney and transported to the urinary bladder, it's time for urine to be expelled from the body through micturition (urination).
    • The urinary bladder is composed of transitional epithelium and smooth muscle, and embedded in the wall are sensory receptors or stretch receptors that are attached to sensory neurons.

    Micturition

    • When the bladder becomes distended due to filling with urine, the stretch receptors within the walls of the bladder send an action potential down the sensory neuron, causing the smooth muscles of the urinary bladder to contract.
    • Another action potential from the sensory neuron will be sent up the spinal cord to the motor cortex of the cerebrum, and then to another motor neuron to stimulate the opening of the urinary sphincter.
    • There are two urinary sphincters: the internal sphincter, which is composed of smooth muscle and under involuntary control, and the external sphincter, which is composed of skeletal muscle and under voluntary control.

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