Urine 3 and 4 and ectoparasites
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Questions and Answers

What is the typical shape of Cystine crystals?

  • Dumbbell shaped
  • Round and refractile
  • Six sided, flat (correct)
  • Picket Fence shaped

    • Which type of crystals are commonly associated with ethylene glycol poisoning?

  • Uric Acid
  • Cystine
  • Calcium Carbonate
  • Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate (correct)

    • What is the typical composition of uroliths in dogs and cats?

  • Calcium Oxalate
  • Cystine
  • Urate
  • Struvite (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT an element observed in microscopic examination of urine?

    <p>RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of crystals in urine?

    <p>Urine Crystal Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parasite is commonly found in the urinary system of dogs?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the formation of stones in the urinary tract?

    <p>Urolithiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of bilirubinuria?

    <p>Liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are Slightly larger than WBC and have a large central spherical nucleus?

    <p>Renal tubular cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are casts formed

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic shape of casts formed in the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney?

    <p>Cylindric with parallel sides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells can be 2-4 times larger than WBC and may appear as pear, spindle, caudate or polygonal?

    <p>Transitional cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein that precipitates in acidic conditions to form casts?

    <p>Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are most likely to be found in the distal urethra, vagina, vulva, or prepuce?

    <p>Squamous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic shape of transitional cells?

    <p>Pear, spindle, caudate or polygonal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thin, plate- like with distinct or irregular outline and small dense nucleus

    <p>Squamous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for evaluating the urine under high power?

    <p>To evaluate the shape and size of RBC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of concentrated urine on RBCs?

    <p>They appear smaller and more crenated or distorted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can WBCs be difficult to differentiate from renal tubular epithelial cells?

    <p>Due to their similar size and shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that affects the appearance of WBCs in urine?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic appearance of RBCs that have been in urine for a long period of time?

    <p>They appear colorless and lack internal structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for evaluating the urine sediment under low power?

    <p>To identify the presence of casts and crystals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of dilute urine on WBCs?

    <p>They expand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can the evaluation of urine sediment be difficult?

    <p>Due to all of the above reasons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for identifying casts in fresh urine?

    <p>Because casts dissolve in alkaline urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of increased numbers of hyaline casts in urine?

    <p>It indicates the mildest form of renal irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the type of crystals formed in urine?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False If a urine sample is allowed to cool the number of crystals increase

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic appearance of waxy casts?

    <p>Dull and homogeneous with square ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of crystal is typically found in alkaline urine?

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of crystal formation in urine (crystalluria)?

    <p>It may lead to the formation of urinary calculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cast appears clean colorless, highly refractile and requires dim light

    <p>Hyaline cast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for standardizing the methodology of urine sediment examination?

    <p>To minimize variations in sediment examination from sample to sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of evaluating urine sediment in conjunction with other clinical data and physical and chemistry properties of urine?

    <p>To interpret the results in a comprehensive manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of crystals are found in acid urine (<7)

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of urine sediment that is comparable to the blood smear in the interpretation of the hemogram?

    <p>Microscopic examination of urine sediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of moderate proteinuria in the absence of significant numbers of RBCs and WBCs in urine sediment?

    <p>It indicates proteinuria of glomerular origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical significance proteinuria due to pyuria and hematuria (presence of RBC and WBC)

    <p>Indicates an inflammatory response somewhere along the urinary tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard volume of urine sample used for centrifugation (in vet med) ?

    <p>5ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of storing urine samples at room temperature for more than 30 minutes?

    <p>Change in pH, proliferation of bacteria, and lysis of RBCs, casts, and WBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of moderate proteinuria in the absence of significant numbers of RBCs and WBCs in urine sediment (inactive sediment) or urine sediment with large number of casts?

    <p>It may indicate a renal disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proper interpretation cannot be made by dip strip alone; it must include the animal’s:

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clinical indication of true proteinuria

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    False positives of proteinuria can occur because:

    <p>The urine is alkaline or contaminated with disinfectants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reagent strip detects the presence of ????????

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Moderate to large amount of blood give the urine a cloudy red, brown or wine color

    <p>Hematuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urine is not obviously discolored by blood but is detected by chemical analysis

    <p>Occult blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Color is similar but with a transparency that remains after centrifugation

    <p>Hemoglobinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Brownish red-amber appearance, clear transparency

    <p>Myoglobinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes myoglobinuria

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for false negative results in bilirubin urine tests?

    <p>Exposure to light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of renal threshold for glucose in dogs?

    <p>180 mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the amount of glucose in urine?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of high carbohydrate meals on glucosuria?

    <p>Increased glucosuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause glucosuria

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of bilirubinuria ?

    <p>May be indicative of a disorder that has the potential to produce icterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for false positive results in glucose urine tests?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of renal threshold for glucose in cats?

    <p>300 mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of glucosuria on the kidneys?

    <p>Increased glomerular filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False Male dogs may have a small amount of bilirubin normally present in their urine

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False Normal cats should have a small amount of bilirubin

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Causes for bilirubinuria in cats

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause false positives for glucosuria

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are ketones formed

    <p>During catabolism of fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Impaired ability to utilize available carbohydrates

    <p>Diabetes Mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates inadequate carbohydrate consumption

    <p>Starvation, strenuous exercise, exposure to cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates loss of carbohydrates

    <p>Renal and intestinal disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    False positives for hematuria can occur from

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    False negatives for hematuria can be due to ??

    <p>Urine sample not mixed well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    False positive for ketonuria can occur due to which of the following

    <p>Highly pigmented urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of manipulating pH in therapeutic management of uroliths?

    <p>To dissolve or prevent certain uroliths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following crystals can be found in alkaline urine?

    <p>Phosphate and magnesium ammonium phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of proteinuria in urine sediment evaluation?

    <p>Indicates kidney damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Originate from the bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, and proximal urethra

    <p>Transitional cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using acidifying agents in urine pH manipulation?

    <p>To manipulate pH for urolith dissolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is more likely to yield more neoplastic cells

    <p>Catheterization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following casts are the most common type seen in animals and are seen in large numbers with acute nephritis

    <p>Granular casts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the type of crystals formed in urine?

    <p>pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Found in alkaline to slightly acidic urine

    <p>Struvite/triple phosphate crystals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Found in alkaline urine, appears as a granular precipitate

    <p>Amorphous phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Causes for bilirubinuria (do not include cats) (5)

    <p>Prolonged fever, Hemolysis, Obstructed bile duct, Pancreatitis, Liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A dip stick reaction of 2+-3+ for bilirubin is considered ____________ in dogs with moderately concentrated urine (1.020- 1.035)

    <p>Abnormal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pyuria is presence of intact or lysed leukocytes, there are many false negatives but often lead to false positives in cats

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ketonuria is common in dogs and cats

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ketonuria is relatively common in dairy cattle and sometimes swine

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dip stick is more sensitive to ________ than _________ (separate with comma)

    <p>Albumin, globulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urine _________ ______must be taken into consideration when evaluating proteinuria

    <p>specific gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    False positives for hematuria can be from (separate with commas)

    <p>bleach, iodide, bromide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    False negative for hematuria can be due to ____ _____ __ ______ ______ ____

    <p>Urine sample is not mixed well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Examination of urine sediment is especially important in detecting and evaluating 7 things (separate with a comma)

    <p>Crystals, casts, WBC, RBC, bacteria, epithelial cells, parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    WBC = Expand in dilute urine and shrink in concentrated urine and can appear as clumps or singular

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    casts are formed in the lumen of the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many hyaline or granular casts may be seen in normal urine (+2/hpf)

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Few hyaline or granular casts may be seen in normal urine (0-1/hpf)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Squares with an X resembling the back of an envelope

    <p>Calcium oxalate dihydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased numbers seen in ethylene glycol poisoning

    <p>Calcium oxalate monohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Normal in horses and rabbits

    <p>Calcium carbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Uroliths commonly seen in dalmatians

    <p>Urate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diet changes have made it so calcium oxalate is seen in urine more often

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sucking lous, head is narrower than the widest part of the thorax

    <p>Anoplura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chewing lice, large round head, wider than the widest portion of the thorax

    <p>Mallophaga</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cat biting louse

    <p>Felicola sobustratus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This parasite infects the skin on rabbits, squirrels and mice. Pets usually contract this parasite while investigating or hunting rodent prey

    <p>Cuterabra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Scabiei are siphonapterans, small, laterally compressed wingless insects with powerful back legs, and adults have piercing-sucking mouth parts

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fleas are siphonapterans, small, laterally compressed wingless insects with powerful back legs, and adults have piercing-sucking mouth parts

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most common flea

    <p>Ctenocephalides felis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Common sites are ears, lateral elbows, and ventral abdomen, spread by direct contact, extremely pruritic, repeated scrapings may be necessary

    <p>Sarcoptes scapiei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The feline scabies mite is Notoedres cati

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The feline scabies mite is Ctenocephalides felis

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Found mainly on the ears, back of neck, face, feet, and in extreme cases, all over the entire body (lesions are very crusty)

    <p>Notoedres cati</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Common cause of otitis externa in dogs and cats, can be found in areas other than ears, highly transmissible between dogs and cats, clinical signs are shaking head, and scratching

    <p>Otodectes cynotis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Feline fur mite, found attached to shafts of individual hairs on back, neck, thorax and hindlimbs of cats residing in tropical or warm areas of the united states, laterally compressed

    <p>Lynxacarus radovskyi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Resides in hair follicles and sebaceuous glands of people an dmost domestic animals, canines are most commonly and most seriously infested

    <p>Demodex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is diagnosis of demodex made

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Demodicosis form : patchy alopecia on the muzzle, face and forelimbs

    <p>Localized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Demodicosis form : diffuse alopecia erythema and secondary bacterial contamination over the entire body

    <p>Generalized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The abdomen is flattened top to bottom and can expand to several times its original size as a tick feeds on its host Engorgement is only seen in females Males can be more colorful

    <p>Ixodes scapularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Brown Dog tick Unusually hard tick, Feeds almost exclusively on dogs Distinguishing feature = Reddish brown: engorged female is gray

    <p>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    American dog tick (soft tick), Inhabit grassy, scrub brush areas, especially roadsides and pathways, Serves as vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, and other diseases; may also produce tick paralysis in animals and human

    <p>Dermacentor variabilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Serves as vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, and other diseases; may also produce tick paralysis in animals and human

    <p>Dermacentor variabilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transmits lyme's disease and erhlichiosis

    <p>Ixodes scapularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leathery outer skin rather than hard cuticle, Both male and female engorge, Shapes vary among species, Only larvae and nymphs are parasitic

    <p>Argasid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Urine Sediment Examination

    • The examination of urine sediment is an important part of urinalysis, allowing for the detection of various elements that can indicate kidney disease, inflammation, or infection.

    Preparation of Urine Sample

    • Collect a fresh, uncontaminated urine sample in an appropriate container.
    • Minimize variations in sediment examination by following a standard sequence of steps.
    • If the sample cannot be examined within 30 minutes, store it in the refrigerator.

    Centrifugation

    • Use a standard volume of 15ml or 5ml of urine in a conical tip centrifuge tube.
    • Cap the tube and centrifuge at a low speed.

    Decantation and Resuspension

    • Decant the supernatant, leaving a standardized amount (≈0.3-0.5ml) in the tube.
    • Resuspend the sediment by flicking or tapping the tube.

    Staining (Optional)

    • Add stain according to the manufacturer's instructions.

    Microscopic Examination

    • Evaluate the sediment under a microscope, using a standardized amount of sediment on a clean slide with a coverslip.

    Elements Observed in Urine Sediment

    Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

    • Appear as pale yellow, smooth, anuclear disks, 6-7 microns in diameter, and uniform in shape.
    • May appear smaller and crenated in concentrated urine, and larger in dilute urine.

    White Blood Cells (WBCs)

    • Variable in appearance, dependent on type and specific gravity, pH, and bacterial toxins.
    • Generally larger (1½ - 2 times) than RBCs, and can appear as clumps or singular.

    Epithelial Cells

    • Renal tubular cells: 10-12 microns, round, with a large central spherical nucleus.
    • Squamous cells: largest (50 microns), thin, plate-like with distinct or irregular outline and small dense nucleus.

    Transitional Cells

    • Vary in size, depending on their depth of origin.
    • May appear as pear, spindle, caudate, or polygonal shapes, 2-4 times larger than WBCs.

    Neoplastic Cells

    • Transitional cell carcinoma and other forms.
    • Difficult to differentiate from hyperplastic cells.

    Casts

    • Formed in the lumen of the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney.
    • Hyaline casts: clear, colorless, and highly refractile.
    • Granular casts: contain granules, seen in large numbers with acute nephritis.
    • Waxy casts: resemble hyaline casts but are wider with square ends.

    Crystals

    • Formed in acidic or alkaline urine, depending on pH, concentration, and temperature.
    • Types of crystals: calcium oxalate, cystine, leucine, tyrosine, and ammonium biurates.

    Bacteria and Yeast

    • Variety of organisms, requiring high magnification and appearing refractile with movement.

    Miscellaneous

    • Mucus threads, spermatozoa, fat droplets, parasites, and artifacts.

    Urinalysis

    • Urinalysis is a diagnostic tool used to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of urine
    • It is a crucial diagnostic aid in veterinary medicine

    Glucose

    • Glucosuria: presence of glucose in urine
    • Amount of glucose in urine depends on blood glucose levels and rates of glomerular filtration and tubular absorption
    • Renal threshold: 180 mg/dl for dogs, 300 mg/dl for cats
    • Color reaction corresponds to the quantity of glucose present in the urine sample

    Causes of Glucosuria

    • High carbohydrate meal
    • Fear or excitement
    • Diabetes mellitus
    • Hyperthyroidism
    • Cushing's
    • Liver disease

    False Positives for Glucose

    • Vitamin C
    • Morphine
    • Aspirin
    • Cleaning agents
    • IV fluids with glucose added

    Bilirubin

    • Conjugated bilirubin or urobilinogen
    • Low renal threshold
    • Canine kidneys can conjugate bilirubin
    • Bilirubinuria: indicative of a disorder that can produce icterus
    • Male dogs may have a small amount of bilirubin normally present in their urine
    • Normal cat urine should show no signs of bilirubin

    Causes of Bilirubinuria

    • Prolonged fever
    • Hemolysis
    • Obstructed bile duct
    • Pancreatitis
    • Liver disease
    • FIP, Hepatic diseases, FeLV in cats

    Proteinuria

    • False positives can occur in alkaline urine or urine contaminated with disinfectants
    • False negatives can occur in acidic or very dilute urine
    • Occasional small amounts of protein are found in the urine of normal animals

    Interpretation of Urinalysis

    • Proper interpretation cannot be made by dip strip alone
    • Must include animal's history, physical examination findings, method of urine collection, and urine sediment
    • Urine specific gravity must be considered when evaluating proteinuria

    Blood

    • Reagent strip detects the presence of intact RBCs (hematuria), hemoglobin (hemoglobinuria), and myoglobin (myoglobinuria)
    • All may occur at the same time
    • The reagent strip is slightly less sensitive to intact cells than hemoglobin

    Ketones

    • Formed during the catabolism of fatty acids
    • Ketonuria: uncommon in dogs or cats, relatively common in dairy cattle and swine
    • Causes of ketonuria: diabetes mellitus, impaired ability to utilize available carbohydrates, starvation, strenuous exercise, exposure to cold, renal or intestinal disorders

    Leukocytes

    • Intact or lysed leukocytes
    • Specific for canines that have pyuria
    • Positive is indicative of pyuria, but a negative is not conclusive
    • Has many false negatives
    • Often leads to false positives in cats

    Technique for Urinalysis

    • Fresh urine
    • Well-mixed
    • Room temperature
    • Comparison should be done in good lighting
    • Read at specific times
    • Watch expiration date of reagent strips
    • Do not touch chemical reagent pad
    • Strips stored properly

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    Description

    Assess your knowledge of urine sediment examination, a crucial part of urinalysis, and its role in detecting kidney disease, inflammation, and infection.

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