Urine 3 and 4 and ectoparasites

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the typical shape of Cystine crystals?

Dumbbell shaped

Round and refractile

Six sided, flat (correct)

Picket Fence shaped

Which type of crystals are commonly associated with ethylene glycol poisoning?

Uric Acid

Cystine

Calcium Carbonate

Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate (correct)

What is the typical composition of uroliths in dogs and cats?

Calcium Oxalate

Cystine

Urate

Struvite (correct)

Which of the following is NOT an element observed in microscopic examination of urine?

RBCs Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of crystals in urine?

Urine Crystal Analysis Signup and view all the answers

Which parasite is commonly found in the urinary system of dogs?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the formation of stones in the urinary tract?

Urolithiasis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of bilirubinuria?

Liver disease Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are Slightly larger than WBC and have a large central spherical nucleus?

Renal tubular cells Signup and view all the answers

Where are casts formed

Both A and C Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic shape of casts formed in the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney?

Cylindric with parallel sides Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells can be 2-4 times larger than WBC and may appear as pear, spindle, caudate or polygonal?

Transitional cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the protein that precipitates in acidic conditions to form casts?

Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are most likely to be found in the distal urethra, vagina, vulva, or prepuce?

Squamous cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic shape of transitional cells?

Pear, spindle, caudate or polygonal Signup and view all the answers

Thin, plate- like with distinct or irregular outline and small dense nucleus

Squamous cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for evaluating the urine under high power?

To evaluate the shape and size of RBC Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of concentrated urine on RBCs?

They appear smaller and more crenated or distorted Signup and view all the answers

Why can WBCs be difficult to differentiate from renal tubular epithelial cells?

Due to their similar size and shape Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that affects the appearance of WBCs in urine?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance of RBCs that have been in urine for a long period of time?

They appear colorless and lack internal structures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for evaluating the urine sediment under low power?

To identify the presence of casts and crystals Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of dilute urine on WBCs?

They expand Signup and view all the answers

Why can the evaluation of urine sediment be difficult?

Due to all of the above reasons Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for identifying casts in fresh urine?

Because casts dissolve in alkaline urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of increased numbers of hyaline casts in urine?

It indicates the mildest form of renal irritation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the type of crystals formed in urine?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

True or False If a urine sample is allowed to cool the number of crystals increase

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic appearance of waxy casts?

Dull and homogeneous with square ends Signup and view all the answers

Which type of crystal is typically found in alkaline urine?

Both A and C Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of crystal formation in urine (crystalluria)?

It may lead to the formation of urinary calculi Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cast appears clean colorless, highly refractile and requires dim light

Hyaline cast Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for standardizing the methodology of urine sediment examination?

To minimize variations in sediment examination from sample to sample Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of evaluating urine sediment in conjunction with other clinical data and physical and chemistry properties of urine?

To interpret the results in a comprehensive manner Signup and view all the answers

What kind of crystals are found in acid urine (<7)

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of urine sediment that is comparable to the blood smear in the interpretation of the hemogram?

Microscopic examination of urine sediment Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of moderate proteinuria in the absence of significant numbers of RBCs and WBCs in urine sediment?

It indicates proteinuria of glomerular origin Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical significance proteinuria due to pyuria and hematuria (presence of RBC and WBC)

Indicates an inflammatory response somewhere along the urinary tract Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard volume of urine sample used for centrifugation (in vet med) ?

5ml Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of storing urine samples at room temperature for more than 30 minutes?

Change in pH, proliferation of bacteria, and lysis of RBCs, casts, and WBCs Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of moderate proteinuria in the absence of significant numbers of RBCs and WBCs in urine sediment (inactive sediment) or urine sediment with large number of casts?

It may indicate a renal disease Signup and view all the answers

Proper interpretation cannot be made by dip strip alone; it must include the animal’s:

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Clinical indication of true proteinuria

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

False positives of proteinuria can occur because:

The urine is alkaline or contaminated with disinfectants Signup and view all the answers

The reagent strip detects the presence of ????????

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Moderate to large amount of blood give the urine a cloudy red, brown or wine color

Hematuria Signup and view all the answers

Urine is not obviously discolored by blood but is detected by chemical analysis

Occult blood Signup and view all the answers

Color is similar but with a transparency that remains after centrifugation

Hemoglobinuria Signup and view all the answers

Brownish red-amber appearance, clear transparency

Myoglobinuria Signup and view all the answers

What causes myoglobinuria

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for false negative results in bilirubin urine tests?

Exposure to light Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of renal threshold for glucose in dogs?

180 mg/dl Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the amount of glucose in urine?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of high carbohydrate meals on glucosuria?

Increased glucosuria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can cause glucosuria

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of bilirubinuria ?

May be indicative of a disorder that has the potential to produce icterus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for false positive results in glucose urine tests?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of renal threshold for glucose in cats?

300 mg/dl Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of glucosuria on the kidneys?

Increased glomerular filtration Signup and view all the answers

True or False Male dogs may have a small amount of bilirubin normally present in their urine

True Signup and view all the answers

True or False Normal cats should have a small amount of bilirubin

False Signup and view all the answers

Causes for bilirubinuria in cats

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What can cause false positives for glucosuria

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

When are ketones formed

During catabolism of fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

Impaired ability to utilize available carbohydrates

Diabetes Mellitus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicates inadequate carbohydrate consumption

Starvation, strenuous exercise, exposure to cold Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicates loss of carbohydrates

Renal and intestinal disorders Signup and view all the answers

False positives for hematuria can occur from

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

False negatives for hematuria can be due to ??

Urine sample not mixed well Signup and view all the answers

False positive for ketonuria can occur due to which of the following

Highly pigmented urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of manipulating pH in therapeutic management of uroliths?

To dissolve or prevent certain uroliths Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following crystals can be found in alkaline urine?

Phosphate and magnesium ammonium phosphate Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of proteinuria in urine sediment evaluation?

Indicates kidney damage Signup and view all the answers

Originate from the bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, and proximal urethra

Transitional cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using acidifying agents in urine pH manipulation?

To manipulate pH for urolith dissolution Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is more likely to yield more neoplastic cells

Catheterization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following casts are the most common type seen in animals and are seen in large numbers with acute nephritis

Granular casts Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the type of crystals formed in urine?

pH Signup and view all the answers

Found in alkaline to slightly acidic urine

Struvite/triple phosphate crystals Signup and view all the answers

Found in alkaline urine, appears as a granular precipitate

Amorphous phosphate Signup and view all the answers

Causes for bilirubinuria (do not include cats) (5)

Prolonged fever, Hemolysis, Obstructed bile duct, Pancreatitis, Liver disease Signup and view all the answers

A dip stick reaction of 2+-3+ for bilirubin is considered ____________ in dogs with moderately concentrated urine (1.020- 1.035)

Abnormal Signup and view all the answers

Pyuria is presence of intact or lysed leukocytes, there are many false negatives but often lead to false positives in cats

True Signup and view all the answers

Ketonuria is common in dogs and cats

False Signup and view all the answers

Ketonuria is relatively common in dairy cattle and sometimes swine

True Signup and view all the answers

Dip stick is more sensitive to than _ (separate with comma)

Albumin, globulins Signup and view all the answers

Urine ___ must be taken into consideration when evaluating proteinuria

specific gravity Signup and view all the answers

False positives for hematuria can be from (separate with commas)

bleach, iodide, bromide Signup and view all the answers

False negative for hematuria can be due to __ _

Urine sample is not mixed well Signup and view all the answers

Examination of urine sediment is especially important in detecting and evaluating 7 things (separate with a comma)

Crystals, casts, WBC, RBC, bacteria, epithelial cells, parasites Signup and view all the answers

WBC = Expand in dilute urine and shrink in concentrated urine and can appear as clumps or singular

True Signup and view all the answers

casts are formed in the lumen of the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney

True Signup and view all the answers

Many hyaline or granular casts may be seen in normal urine (+2/hpf)

False Signup and view all the answers

Few hyaline or granular casts may be seen in normal urine (0-1/hpf)

True Signup and view all the answers

Squares with an X resembling the back of an envelope

Calcium oxalate dihydrate Signup and view all the answers

Increased numbers seen in ethylene glycol poisoning

Calcium oxalate monohydrate Signup and view all the answers

Normal in horses and rabbits

Calcium carbonate Signup and view all the answers

Uroliths commonly seen in dalmatians

Urate Signup and view all the answers

Diet changes have made it so calcium oxalate is seen in urine more often

True Signup and view all the answers

Sucking lous, head is narrower than the widest part of the thorax

Anoplura Signup and view all the answers

Chewing lice, large round head, wider than the widest portion of the thorax

Mallophaga Signup and view all the answers

Cat biting louse

Felicola sobustratus Signup and view all the answers

This parasite infects the skin on rabbits, squirrels and mice. Pets usually contract this parasite while investigating or hunting rodent prey

Cuterabra Signup and view all the answers

Scabiei are siphonapterans, small, laterally compressed wingless insects with powerful back legs, and adults have piercing-sucking mouth parts

False Signup and view all the answers

Fleas are siphonapterans, small, laterally compressed wingless insects with powerful back legs, and adults have piercing-sucking mouth parts

True Signup and view all the answers

Most common flea

Ctenocephalides felis Signup and view all the answers

Common sites are ears, lateral elbows, and ventral abdomen, spread by direct contact, extremely pruritic, repeated scrapings may be necessary

Sarcoptes scapiei Signup and view all the answers

The feline scabies mite is Notoedres cati

True Signup and view all the answers

The feline scabies mite is Ctenocephalides felis

False Signup and view all the answers

Found mainly on the ears, back of neck, face, feet, and in extreme cases, all over the entire body (lesions are very crusty)

Notoedres cati Signup and view all the answers

Common cause of otitis externa in dogs and cats, can be found in areas other than ears, highly transmissible between dogs and cats, clinical signs are shaking head, and scratching

Otodectes cynotis Signup and view all the answers

Feline fur mite, found attached to shafts of individual hairs on back, neck, thorax and hindlimbs of cats residing in tropical or warm areas of the united states, laterally compressed

Lynxacarus radovskyi Signup and view all the answers

Resides in hair follicles and sebaceuous glands of people an dmost domestic animals, canines are most commonly and most seriously infested

Demodex Signup and view all the answers

How is diagnosis of demodex made

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

Demodicosis form : patchy alopecia on the muzzle, face and forelimbs

Localized Signup and view all the answers

Demodicosis form : diffuse alopecia erythema and secondary bacterial contamination over the entire body

Generalized Signup and view all the answers

The abdomen is flattened top to bottom and can expand to several times its original size as a tick feeds on its host Engorgement is only seen in females Males can be more colorful

Ixodes scapularis Signup and view all the answers

Brown Dog tick Unusually hard tick, Feeds almost exclusively on dogs Distinguishing feature = Reddish brown: engorged female is gray

Rhipicephalus sanguineus Signup and view all the answers

American dog tick (soft tick), Inhabit grassy, scrub brush areas, especially roadsides and pathways, Serves as vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, and other diseases; may also produce tick paralysis in animals and human

Dermacentor variabilis Signup and view all the answers

Serves as vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, and other diseases; may also produce tick paralysis in animals and human

Dermacentor variabilis Signup and view all the answers

Transmits lyme's disease and erhlichiosis

Ixodes scapularis Signup and view all the answers

Leathery outer skin rather than hard cuticle, Both male and female engorge, Shapes vary among species, Only larvae and nymphs are parasitic

Argasid Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Urine Sediment Examination

The examination of urine sediment is an important part of urinalysis, allowing for the detection of various elements that can indicate kidney disease, inflammation, or infection.

Preparation of Urine Sample

Collect a fresh, uncontaminated urine sample in an appropriate container.
Minimize variations in sediment examination by following a standard sequence of steps.
If the sample cannot be examined within 30 minutes, store it in the refrigerator.

Centrifugation

Use a standard volume of 15ml or 5ml of urine in a conical tip centrifuge tube.
Cap the tube and centrifuge at a low speed.

Decantation and Resuspension

Decant the supernatant, leaving a standardized amount (≈0.3-0.5ml) in the tube.
Resuspend the sediment by flicking or tapping the tube.

Staining (Optional)

Add stain according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Microscopic Examination

Evaluate the sediment under a microscope, using a standardized amount of sediment on a clean slide with a coverslip.

Elements Observed in Urine Sediment

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

Appear as pale yellow, smooth, anuclear disks, 6-7 microns in diameter, and uniform in shape.
May appear smaller and crenated in concentrated urine, and larger in dilute urine.

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

Variable in appearance, dependent on type and specific gravity, pH, and bacterial toxins.
Generally larger (1½ - 2 times) than RBCs, and can appear as clumps or singular.

Epithelial Cells

Renal tubular cells: 10-12 microns, round, with a large central spherical nucleus.
Squamous cells: largest (50 microns), thin, plate-like with distinct or irregular outline and small dense nucleus.

Transitional Cells

Vary in size, depending on their depth of origin.
May appear as pear, spindle, caudate, or polygonal shapes, 2-4 times larger than WBCs.

Neoplastic Cells

Transitional cell carcinoma and other forms.
Difficult to differentiate from hyperplastic cells.

Casts

Formed in the lumen of the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney.
Hyaline casts: clear, colorless, and highly refractile.
Granular casts: contain granules, seen in large numbers with acute nephritis.
Waxy casts: resemble hyaline casts but are wider with square ends.

Crystals

Formed in acidic or alkaline urine, depending on pH, concentration, and temperature.
Types of crystals: calcium oxalate, cystine, leucine, tyrosine, and ammonium biurates.

Bacteria and Yeast

Variety of organisms, requiring high magnification and appearing refractile with movement.

Miscellaneous

Mucus threads, spermatozoa, fat droplets, parasites, and artifacts.

Urinalysis

Urinalysis is a diagnostic tool used to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of urine
It is a crucial diagnostic aid in veterinary medicine

Glucose

Glucosuria: presence of glucose in urine
Amount of glucose in urine depends on blood glucose levels and rates of glomerular filtration and tubular absorption
Renal threshold: 180 mg/dl for dogs, 300 mg/dl for cats
Color reaction corresponds to the quantity of glucose present in the urine sample

Causes of Glucosuria

High carbohydrate meal
Fear or excitement
Diabetes mellitus
Hyperthyroidism
Cushing's
Liver disease

False Positives for Glucose

Vitamin C
Morphine
Aspirin
Cleaning agents
IV fluids with glucose added

Bilirubin

Conjugated bilirubin or urobilinogen
Low renal threshold
Canine kidneys can conjugate bilirubin
Bilirubinuria: indicative of a disorder that can produce icterus
Male dogs may have a small amount of bilirubin normally present in their urine
Normal cat urine should show no signs of bilirubin

Causes of Bilirubinuria

Prolonged fever
Hemolysis
Obstructed bile duct
Pancreatitis
Liver disease
FIP, Hepatic diseases, FeLV in cats

Proteinuria

False positives can occur in alkaline urine or urine contaminated with disinfectants
False negatives can occur in acidic or very dilute urine
Occasional small amounts of protein are found in the urine of normal animals

Interpretation of Urinalysis

Proper interpretation cannot be made by dip strip alone
Must include animal's history, physical examination findings, method of urine collection, and urine sediment
Urine specific gravity must be considered when evaluating proteinuria

Blood

Reagent strip detects the presence of intact RBCs (hematuria), hemoglobin (hemoglobinuria), and myoglobin (myoglobinuria)
All may occur at the same time
The reagent strip is slightly less sensitive to intact cells than hemoglobin

Ketones

Formed during the catabolism of fatty acids
Ketonuria: uncommon in dogs or cats, relatively common in dairy cattle and swine
Causes of ketonuria: diabetes mellitus, impaired ability to utilize available carbohydrates, starvation, strenuous exercise, exposure to cold, renal or intestinal disorders

Leukocytes

Intact or lysed leukocytes
Specific for canines that have pyuria
Positive is indicative of pyuria, but a negative is not conclusive
Has many false negatives
Often leads to false positives in cats

Technique for Urinalysis

Fresh urine
Well-mixed
Room temperature
Comparison should be done in good lighting
Read at specific times
Watch expiration date of reagent strips
Do not touch chemical reagent pad
Strips stored properly

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Assess your knowledge of urine sediment examination, a crucial part of urinalysis, and its role in detecting kidney disease, inflammation, and infection.