Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the typical shape of Cystine crystals?
What is the typical shape of Cystine crystals?
- Dumbbell shaped
- Round and refractile
- Six sided, flat (correct)
- Picket Fence shaped
Which type of crystals are commonly associated with ethylene glycol poisoning?
Which type of crystals are commonly associated with ethylene glycol poisoning?
- Uric Acid
- Cystine
- Calcium Carbonate
- Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate (correct)
What is the typical composition of uroliths in dogs and cats?
What is the typical composition of uroliths in dogs and cats?
- Calcium Oxalate
- Cystine
- Urate
- Struvite (correct)
Which of the following is NOT an element observed in microscopic examination of urine?
Which of the following is NOT an element observed in microscopic examination of urine?
What is the term for the study of crystals in urine?
What is the term for the study of crystals in urine?
Which parasite is commonly found in the urinary system of dogs?
Which parasite is commonly found in the urinary system of dogs?
What is the term for the formation of stones in the urinary tract?
What is the term for the formation of stones in the urinary tract?
Which of the following is a common cause of bilirubinuria?
Which of the following is a common cause of bilirubinuria?
What type of cells are Slightly larger than WBC and have a large central spherical nucleus?
What type of cells are Slightly larger than WBC and have a large central spherical nucleus?
Where are casts formed
Where are casts formed
What is the characteristic shape of casts formed in the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney?
What is the characteristic shape of casts formed in the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney?
Which type of cells can be 2-4 times larger than WBC and may appear as pear, spindle, caudate or polygonal?
Which type of cells can be 2-4 times larger than WBC and may appear as pear, spindle, caudate or polygonal?
What is the name of the protein that precipitates in acidic conditions to form casts?
What is the name of the protein that precipitates in acidic conditions to form casts?
Which type of cells are most likely to be found in the distal urethra, vagina, vulva, or prepuce?
Which type of cells are most likely to be found in the distal urethra, vagina, vulva, or prepuce?
What is the characteristic shape of transitional cells?
What is the characteristic shape of transitional cells?
Thin, plate- like with distinct or irregular outline and small dense nucleus
Thin, plate- like with distinct or irregular outline and small dense nucleus
What is the primary reason for evaluating the urine under high power?
What is the primary reason for evaluating the urine under high power?
What is the effect of concentrated urine on RBCs?
What is the effect of concentrated urine on RBCs?
Why can WBCs be difficult to differentiate from renal tubular epithelial cells?
Why can WBCs be difficult to differentiate from renal tubular epithelial cells?
What is the primary factor that affects the appearance of WBCs in urine?
What is the primary factor that affects the appearance of WBCs in urine?
What is the characteristic appearance of RBCs that have been in urine for a long period of time?
What is the characteristic appearance of RBCs that have been in urine for a long period of time?
What is the primary reason for evaluating the urine sediment under low power?
What is the primary reason for evaluating the urine sediment under low power?
What is the effect of dilute urine on WBCs?
What is the effect of dilute urine on WBCs?
Why can the evaluation of urine sediment be difficult?
Why can the evaluation of urine sediment be difficult?
What is the primary reason for identifying casts in fresh urine?
What is the primary reason for identifying casts in fresh urine?
What is the significance of increased numbers of hyaline casts in urine?
What is the significance of increased numbers of hyaline casts in urine?
What is the primary factor that determines the type of crystals formed in urine?
What is the primary factor that determines the type of crystals formed in urine?
True or False
If a urine sample is allowed to cool the number of crystals increase
True or False If a urine sample is allowed to cool the number of crystals increase
What is the characteristic appearance of waxy casts?
What is the characteristic appearance of waxy casts?
Which type of crystal is typically found in alkaline urine?
Which type of crystal is typically found in alkaline urine?
What is the consequence of crystal formation in urine (crystalluria)?
What is the consequence of crystal formation in urine (crystalluria)?
Which type of cast appears clean colorless, highly refractile and requires dim light
Which type of cast appears clean colorless, highly refractile and requires dim light
What is the primary reason for standardizing the methodology of urine sediment examination?
What is the primary reason for standardizing the methodology of urine sediment examination?
What is the significance of evaluating urine sediment in conjunction with other clinical data and physical and chemistry properties of urine?
What is the significance of evaluating urine sediment in conjunction with other clinical data and physical and chemistry properties of urine?
What kind of crystals are found in acid urine (<7)
What kind of crystals are found in acid urine (<7)
What is the primary component of urine sediment that is comparable to the blood smear in the interpretation of the hemogram?
What is the primary component of urine sediment that is comparable to the blood smear in the interpretation of the hemogram?
What is the significance of moderate proteinuria in the absence of significant numbers of RBCs and WBCs in urine sediment?
What is the significance of moderate proteinuria in the absence of significant numbers of RBCs and WBCs in urine sediment?
What is the clinical significance proteinuria due to pyuria and hematuria (presence of RBC and WBC)
What is the clinical significance proteinuria due to pyuria and hematuria (presence of RBC and WBC)
What is the standard volume of urine sample used for centrifugation (in vet med) ?
What is the standard volume of urine sample used for centrifugation (in vet med) ?
What is the consequence of storing urine samples at room temperature for more than 30 minutes?
What is the consequence of storing urine samples at room temperature for more than 30 minutes?
What is the significance of moderate proteinuria in the absence of significant numbers of RBCs and WBCs in urine sediment (inactive sediment) or urine sediment with large number of casts?
What is the significance of moderate proteinuria in the absence of significant numbers of RBCs and WBCs in urine sediment (inactive sediment) or urine sediment with large number of casts?
Proper interpretation cannot be made by dip strip alone; it must include the animal’s:
Proper interpretation cannot be made by dip strip alone; it must include the animal’s:
Clinical indication of true proteinuria
Clinical indication of true proteinuria
False positives of proteinuria can occur because:
False positives of proteinuria can occur because:
The reagent strip detects the presence of ????????
The reagent strip detects the presence of ????????
Moderate to large amount of blood give the urine a cloudy red, brown or wine color
Moderate to large amount of blood give the urine a cloudy red, brown or wine color
Urine is not obviously discolored by blood but is detected by chemical analysis
Urine is not obviously discolored by blood but is detected by chemical analysis
Color is similar but with a transparency that remains after centrifugation
Color is similar but with a transparency that remains after centrifugation
Brownish red-amber appearance, clear transparency
Brownish red-amber appearance, clear transparency
What causes myoglobinuria
What causes myoglobinuria
What is the primary reason for false negative results in bilirubin urine tests?
What is the primary reason for false negative results in bilirubin urine tests?
What is the normal range of renal threshold for glucose in dogs?
What is the normal range of renal threshold for glucose in dogs?
What is the primary factor that determines the amount of glucose in urine?
What is the primary factor that determines the amount of glucose in urine?
What is the consequence of high carbohydrate meals on glucosuria?
What is the consequence of high carbohydrate meals on glucosuria?
Which of the following can cause glucosuria
Which of the following can cause glucosuria
What is the significance of bilirubinuria ?
What is the significance of bilirubinuria ?
What is the primary reason for false positive results in glucose urine tests?
What is the primary reason for false positive results in glucose urine tests?
What is the normal range of renal threshold for glucose in cats?
What is the normal range of renal threshold for glucose in cats?
What is the consequence of glucosuria on the kidneys?
What is the consequence of glucosuria on the kidneys?
True or False
Male dogs may have a small amount of bilirubin normally present in their urine
True or False Male dogs may have a small amount of bilirubin normally present in their urine
True or False
Normal cats should have a small amount of bilirubin
True or False Normal cats should have a small amount of bilirubin
Causes for bilirubinuria in cats
Causes for bilirubinuria in cats
What can cause false positives for glucosuria
What can cause false positives for glucosuria
When are ketones formed
When are ketones formed
Impaired ability to utilize available carbohydrates
Impaired ability to utilize available carbohydrates
Which of the following indicates inadequate carbohydrate consumption
Which of the following indicates inadequate carbohydrate consumption
Which of the following indicates loss of carbohydrates
Which of the following indicates loss of carbohydrates
False positives for hematuria can occur from
False positives for hematuria can occur from
False negatives for hematuria can be due to ??
False negatives for hematuria can be due to ??
False positive for ketonuria can occur due to which of the following
False positive for ketonuria can occur due to which of the following
What is the primary purpose of manipulating pH in therapeutic management of uroliths?
What is the primary purpose of manipulating pH in therapeutic management of uroliths?
Which of the following crystals can be found in alkaline urine?
Which of the following crystals can be found in alkaline urine?
What is the significance of proteinuria in urine sediment evaluation?
What is the significance of proteinuria in urine sediment evaluation?
Originate from the bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, and proximal urethra
Originate from the bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, and proximal urethra
What is the purpose of using acidifying agents in urine pH manipulation?
What is the purpose of using acidifying agents in urine pH manipulation?
Which of the following is more likely to yield more neoplastic cells
Which of the following is more likely to yield more neoplastic cells
Which of the following casts are the most common type seen in animals and are seen in large numbers with acute nephritis
Which of the following casts are the most common type seen in animals and are seen in large numbers with acute nephritis
What is the primary factor that determines the type of crystals formed in urine?
What is the primary factor that determines the type of crystals formed in urine?
Found in alkaline to slightly acidic urine
Found in alkaline to slightly acidic urine
Found in alkaline urine, appears as a granular precipitate
Found in alkaline urine, appears as a granular precipitate
Causes for bilirubinuria (do not include cats) (5)
Causes for bilirubinuria (do not include cats) (5)
A dip stick reaction of 2+-3+ for bilirubin is considered ____________ in dogs with moderately concentrated urine (1.020- 1.035)
A dip stick reaction of 2+-3+ for bilirubin is considered ____________ in dogs with moderately concentrated urine (1.020- 1.035)
Pyuria is presence of intact or lysed leukocytes, there are many false negatives but often lead to false positives in cats
Pyuria is presence of intact or lysed leukocytes, there are many false negatives but often lead to false positives in cats
Ketonuria is common in dogs and cats
Ketonuria is common in dogs and cats
Ketonuria is relatively common in dairy cattle and sometimes swine
Ketonuria is relatively common in dairy cattle and sometimes swine
Dip stick is more sensitive to ________ than _________ (separate with comma)
Dip stick is more sensitive to ________ than _________ (separate with comma)
Urine _________ ______must be taken into consideration when evaluating proteinuria
Urine _________ ______must be taken into consideration when evaluating proteinuria
False positives for hematuria can be from (separate with commas)
False positives for hematuria can be from (separate with commas)
False negative for hematuria can be due to ____ _____ __ ______ ______ ____
False negative for hematuria can be due to ____ _____ __ ______ ______ ____
Examination of urine sediment is especially important in detecting and evaluating 7 things (separate with a comma)
Examination of urine sediment is especially important in detecting and evaluating 7 things (separate with a comma)
WBC = Expand in dilute urine and shrink in concentrated urine and can appear as clumps or singular
WBC = Expand in dilute urine and shrink in concentrated urine and can appear as clumps or singular
casts are formed in the lumen of the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney
casts are formed in the lumen of the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney
Many hyaline or granular casts may be seen in normal urine (+2/hpf)
Many hyaline or granular casts may be seen in normal urine (+2/hpf)
Few hyaline or granular casts may be seen in normal urine (0-1/hpf)
Few hyaline or granular casts may be seen in normal urine (0-1/hpf)
Squares with an X resembling the back of an envelope
Squares with an X resembling the back of an envelope
Increased numbers seen in ethylene glycol poisoning
Increased numbers seen in ethylene glycol poisoning
Normal in horses and rabbits
Normal in horses and rabbits
Uroliths commonly seen in dalmatians
Uroliths commonly seen in dalmatians
Diet changes have made it so calcium oxalate is seen in urine more often
Diet changes have made it so calcium oxalate is seen in urine more often
Sucking lous, head is narrower than the widest part of the thorax
Sucking lous, head is narrower than the widest part of the thorax
Chewing lice, large round head, wider than the widest portion of the thorax
Chewing lice, large round head, wider than the widest portion of the thorax
Cat biting louse
Cat biting louse
This parasite infects the skin on rabbits, squirrels and mice. Pets usually contract this parasite while investigating or hunting rodent prey
This parasite infects the skin on rabbits, squirrels and mice. Pets usually contract this parasite while investigating or hunting rodent prey
Scabiei are siphonapterans, small, laterally compressed wingless insects with powerful back legs, and adults have piercing-sucking mouth parts
Scabiei are siphonapterans, small, laterally compressed wingless insects with powerful back legs, and adults have piercing-sucking mouth parts
Fleas are siphonapterans, small, laterally compressed wingless insects with powerful back legs, and adults have piercing-sucking mouth parts
Fleas are siphonapterans, small, laterally compressed wingless insects with powerful back legs, and adults have piercing-sucking mouth parts
Most common flea
Most common flea
Common sites are ears, lateral elbows, and ventral abdomen, spread by direct contact, extremely pruritic, repeated scrapings may be necessary
Common sites are ears, lateral elbows, and ventral abdomen, spread by direct contact, extremely pruritic, repeated scrapings may be necessary
The feline scabies mite is Notoedres cati
The feline scabies mite is Notoedres cati
The feline scabies mite is Ctenocephalides felis
The feline scabies mite is Ctenocephalides felis
Found mainly on the ears, back of neck, face, feet, and in extreme cases, all over the entire body (lesions are very crusty)
Found mainly on the ears, back of neck, face, feet, and in extreme cases, all over the entire body (lesions are very crusty)
Common cause of otitis externa in dogs and cats, can be found in areas other than ears, highly transmissible between dogs and cats, clinical signs are shaking head, and scratching
Common cause of otitis externa in dogs and cats, can be found in areas other than ears, highly transmissible between dogs and cats, clinical signs are shaking head, and scratching
Feline fur mite, found attached to shafts of individual hairs on back, neck, thorax and hindlimbs of cats residing in tropical or warm areas of the united states, laterally compressed
Feline fur mite, found attached to shafts of individual hairs on back, neck, thorax and hindlimbs of cats residing in tropical or warm areas of the united states, laterally compressed
Resides in hair follicles and sebaceuous glands of people an dmost domestic animals, canines are most commonly and most seriously infested
Resides in hair follicles and sebaceuous glands of people an dmost domestic animals, canines are most commonly and most seriously infested
How is diagnosis of demodex made
How is diagnosis of demodex made
Demodicosis form : patchy alopecia on the muzzle, face and forelimbs
Demodicosis form : patchy alopecia on the muzzle, face and forelimbs
Demodicosis form : diffuse alopecia erythema and secondary bacterial contamination over the entire body
Demodicosis form : diffuse alopecia erythema and secondary bacterial contamination over the entire body
The abdomen is flattened top to bottom and can expand to
several times its original size as a tick feeds on its host
Engorgement is only seen in females
Males can be more colorful
The abdomen is flattened top to bottom and can expand to several times its original size as a tick feeds on its host Engorgement is only seen in females Males can be more colorful
Brown Dog tick
Unusually hard tick, Feeds almost exclusively on dogs
Distinguishing feature = Reddish brown: engorged
female is gray
Brown Dog tick Unusually hard tick, Feeds almost exclusively on dogs Distinguishing feature = Reddish brown: engorged female is gray
American dog tick (soft tick), Inhabit grassy, scrub brush areas, especially roadsides and pathways, Serves as vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, and other diseases; may also produce tick
paralysis in animals and human
American dog tick (soft tick), Inhabit grassy, scrub brush areas, especially roadsides and pathways, Serves as vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, and other diseases; may also produce tick paralysis in animals and human
Serves as vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, and other diseases; may also produce tick
paralysis in animals and human
Serves as vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, and other diseases; may also produce tick paralysis in animals and human
Transmits lyme's disease and erhlichiosis
Transmits lyme's disease and erhlichiosis
Leathery outer skin rather than hard cuticle, Both male and female engorge, Shapes vary among species, Only larvae and nymphs are parasitic
Leathery outer skin rather than hard cuticle, Both male and female engorge, Shapes vary among species, Only larvae and nymphs are parasitic
Study Notes
Urine Sediment Examination
- The examination of urine sediment is an important part of urinalysis, allowing for the detection of various elements that can indicate kidney disease, inflammation, or infection.
Preparation of Urine Sample
- Collect a fresh, uncontaminated urine sample in an appropriate container.
- Minimize variations in sediment examination by following a standard sequence of steps.
- If the sample cannot be examined within 30 minutes, store it in the refrigerator.
Centrifugation
- Use a standard volume of 15ml or 5ml of urine in a conical tip centrifuge tube.
- Cap the tube and centrifuge at a low speed.
Decantation and Resuspension
- Decant the supernatant, leaving a standardized amount (≈0.3-0.5ml) in the tube.
- Resuspend the sediment by flicking or tapping the tube.
Staining (Optional)
- Add stain according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Microscopic Examination
- Evaluate the sediment under a microscope, using a standardized amount of sediment on a clean slide with a coverslip.
Elements Observed in Urine Sediment
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
- Appear as pale yellow, smooth, anuclear disks, 6-7 microns in diameter, and uniform in shape.
- May appear smaller and crenated in concentrated urine, and larger in dilute urine.
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
- Variable in appearance, dependent on type and specific gravity, pH, and bacterial toxins.
- Generally larger (1½ - 2 times) than RBCs, and can appear as clumps or singular.
Epithelial Cells
- Renal tubular cells: 10-12 microns, round, with a large central spherical nucleus.
- Squamous cells: largest (50 microns), thin, plate-like with distinct or irregular outline and small dense nucleus.
Transitional Cells
- Vary in size, depending on their depth of origin.
- May appear as pear, spindle, caudate, or polygonal shapes, 2-4 times larger than WBCs.
Neoplastic Cells
- Transitional cell carcinoma and other forms.
- Difficult to differentiate from hyperplastic cells.
Casts
- Formed in the lumen of the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney.
- Hyaline casts: clear, colorless, and highly refractile.
- Granular casts: contain granules, seen in large numbers with acute nephritis.
- Waxy casts: resemble hyaline casts but are wider with square ends.
Crystals
- Formed in acidic or alkaline urine, depending on pH, concentration, and temperature.
- Types of crystals: calcium oxalate, cystine, leucine, tyrosine, and ammonium biurates.
Bacteria and Yeast
- Variety of organisms, requiring high magnification and appearing refractile with movement.
Miscellaneous
- Mucus threads, spermatozoa, fat droplets, parasites, and artifacts.
Urinalysis
- Urinalysis is a diagnostic tool used to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of urine
- It is a crucial diagnostic aid in veterinary medicine
Glucose
- Glucosuria: presence of glucose in urine
- Amount of glucose in urine depends on blood glucose levels and rates of glomerular filtration and tubular absorption
- Renal threshold: 180 mg/dl for dogs, 300 mg/dl for cats
- Color reaction corresponds to the quantity of glucose present in the urine sample
Causes of Glucosuria
- High carbohydrate meal
- Fear or excitement
- Diabetes mellitus
- Hyperthyroidism
- Cushing's
- Liver disease
False Positives for Glucose
- Vitamin C
- Morphine
- Aspirin
- Cleaning agents
- IV fluids with glucose added
Bilirubin
- Conjugated bilirubin or urobilinogen
- Low renal threshold
- Canine kidneys can conjugate bilirubin
- Bilirubinuria: indicative of a disorder that can produce icterus
- Male dogs may have a small amount of bilirubin normally present in their urine
- Normal cat urine should show no signs of bilirubin
Causes of Bilirubinuria
- Prolonged fever
- Hemolysis
- Obstructed bile duct
- Pancreatitis
- Liver disease
- FIP, Hepatic diseases, FeLV in cats
Proteinuria
- False positives can occur in alkaline urine or urine contaminated with disinfectants
- False negatives can occur in acidic or very dilute urine
- Occasional small amounts of protein are found in the urine of normal animals
Interpretation of Urinalysis
- Proper interpretation cannot be made by dip strip alone
- Must include animal's history, physical examination findings, method of urine collection, and urine sediment
- Urine specific gravity must be considered when evaluating proteinuria
Blood
- Reagent strip detects the presence of intact RBCs (hematuria), hemoglobin (hemoglobinuria), and myoglobin (myoglobinuria)
- All may occur at the same time
- The reagent strip is slightly less sensitive to intact cells than hemoglobin
Ketones
- Formed during the catabolism of fatty acids
- Ketonuria: uncommon in dogs or cats, relatively common in dairy cattle and swine
- Causes of ketonuria: diabetes mellitus, impaired ability to utilize available carbohydrates, starvation, strenuous exercise, exposure to cold, renal or intestinal disorders
Leukocytes
- Intact or lysed leukocytes
- Specific for canines that have pyuria
- Positive is indicative of pyuria, but a negative is not conclusive
- Has many false negatives
- Often leads to false positives in cats
Technique for Urinalysis
- Fresh urine
- Well-mixed
- Room temperature
- Comparison should be done in good lighting
- Read at specific times
- Watch expiration date of reagent strips
- Do not touch chemical reagent pad
- Strips stored properly
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Assess your knowledge of urine sediment examination, a crucial part of urinalysis, and its role in detecting kidney disease, inflammation, and infection.
