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What is the ultimate goal of an officer when interacting with a subject?
What happens when an officer increases the use of force or resistance in response to a subject's actions?
Under what circumstances are officers legally permitted to escalate their use of force?
What is the primary difference between de-escalation and disengagement?
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What is the outcome of an interaction when an officer achieves subject compliance?
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What is the primary characteristic of passive resistance?
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Which of the following is an example of active resistance?
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What is the primary characteristic of a subject's behavior during an active resistance interaction?
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What is the primary characteristic of aggressive resistance?
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Which of the following is an example of aggressive resistance?
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What is the primary intention of a subject who exhibits deadly force resistance?
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What is the primary factor that determines whether a subject's actions constitute deadly force resistance?
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What is the primary consequence of a subject's deadly force resistance?
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What is the primary function of an officer's command presence?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of physical control technique?
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What is the primary goal of an officer's presence during an interaction?
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What is the primary difference between officer presence and command presence?
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Which of the following is an example of a leverage-enhanced technique?
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What is the primary factor that determines whether a subject has the ability to carry out their intent to cause death or great bodily harm?
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Which of the following is an example of a subject having the opportunity to carry out their intent to cause death or great bodily harm?
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What is the primary characteristic of intent in the context of deadly force decisions?
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What is the primary factor that determines whether a subject's actions constitute an imminent threat to an officer or others?
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What is the primary difference between ability and opportunity in the context of deadly force decisions?
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What is the primary factor that determines a subject's ability to carry out their intent to cause death or great bodily harm?
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Which of the following is an example of a subject having the opportunity to carry out their intent to cause death or great bodily harm?
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What is the primary characteristic of intent in the context of deadly force decisions?
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How do officers determine whether a subject's actions constitute an imminent threat to an officer or others?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor in determining a subject's ability to carry out their intent to cause death or great bodily harm?
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What is the relationship between ability, opportunity, and intent in the context of deadly force decisions?
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Study Notes
Officer's Goal and Compliance
- An officer's primary goal is to achieve subject compliance, which is the verbal or physical yielding to the officer's authority without apparent threat of resistance or violence.
Key Concepts in Response to Resistance
- Escalation: increasing the use of force or resistance in response to a subject's actions.
- De-escalation: decreasing the use of force or resistance to resolve a situation peacefully.
- Disengagement: discontinuing a command or physical use of force, such as breaking away from a subject.
Use of Force and Resistance
- Officers are legally permitted to escalate their use of force as the subject escalates their level of resistance.
Passive Resistance
- Refers to a subject's verbal or physical refusal to comply with an officer's lawful direction
- Causes the officer to use physical techniques to establish control
Examples of Passive Resistance
- Refusing to move at the officer's direction
- Refusing to leave the vehicle when arrested during a traffic stop
- Refusing to take hands out of pockets or from behind the back
Active Resistance
- Active resistance is a type of physical resistance where a subject uses evasive movements to prevent an officer from establishing control.
- This can include bracing, tensing, pushing, or pulling against the officer.
- Examples of active resistance include:
- Physically holding onto a person or object to avoid being removed.
- Bracing or pulling away from an officer when they grip the subject's arm.
- Attempting to run when an officer touches or tries to grab the subject's arm or shoulder.
Aggressive Resistance
- Defined as hostile, attacking movements that may cause injury but are not likely to cause death or great bodily harm to the officer or others
- Examples of aggressive resistance include:
- Balling up fists and approaching the officer
- Pushing the officer back while being taken into custody
- Grabbing any part of the officer's body
Deadly Force Resistance
- Characterized as hostile, attacking movements that can be with or without a weapon
- Creates a reasonable perception by the officer that the subject intends to cause death or great bodily harm to the officer or others
- Subject must have the capability of causing death or great bodily harm
Officer Presence
- Officer presence is the ability to convey to subjects and onlookers that you are able and ready to take control of a situation
- It involves conveying confidence and authority through non-verbal cues
Command Presence
- Command presence refers to a person's demeanor and how they carry themselves
- It involves exhibiting confidence through:
- Erect posture
- Alertness
- Attention to surroundings
Physical Control
- Physical control involves achieving compliance or custody through the use of various techniques
- Techniques used to achieve physical control include:
- Empty-hand techniques
- Leverage-enhanced techniques
- Pain compliance
- Transporters
- Restraint devices
- Takedowns
- Striking techniques
Criteria for Deadly Force
- Officers use three criteria to decide whether to use deadly force: ability, opportunity, and intent.
Ability
- Refers to the subject's means to carry out their intent to cause death or great bodily harm.
- A weapon is not required; a subject's physical abilities can be enough to pose a threat.
- Example: a 6'4", 250-pound muscular man threatening to do bodily harm to an officer has the apparent ability to cause harm.
Opportunity
- Refers to the subject's capability to act on their plan to cause death or great bodily harm to the officer or others.
- Often determined by the subject's weapon; a suspect with a knife may not be an immediate threat from a distance, but could be at close range.
- The proximity of the subject to the officer or others can also affect opportunity.
Intent
- Refers to the subject's intention to voluntarily make the bodily movement that becomes the act to commit a criminal offense.
- Can be viewed as a reasonably perceived, imminent threat to an officer or others based on a person's actions, behaviors, words, or other indicators.
- Derived from the totality of the circumstances, including the subject's actions, words, and other indicators.
Criteria for Deadly Force
- Officers use three criteria to decide whether to use deadly force: ability, opportunity, and intent.
Ability
- Refers to the subject's means to carry out their intent to cause death or great bodily harm.
- A weapon is not required; a subject's physical abilities can be enough to pose a threat.
- Example: a 6'4", 250-pound muscular man threatening to do bodily harm to an officer has the apparent ability to cause harm.
Opportunity
- Refers to the subject's capability to act on their plan to cause death or great bodily harm to the officer or others.
- Often determined by the subject's weapon; a suspect with a knife may not be an immediate threat from a distance, but could be at close range.
- The proximity of the subject to the officer or others can also affect opportunity.
Intent
- Refers to the subject's intention to voluntarily make the bodily movement that becomes the act to commit a criminal offense.
- Can be viewed as a reasonably perceived, imminent threat to an officer or others based on a person's actions, behaviors, words, or other indicators.
- Derived from the totality of the circumstances, including the subject's actions, words, and other indicators.
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Description
Learn about the primary goal of an officer, including key concepts such as escalation, de-escalation, and disengagement in response to resistance.
