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Questions and Answers

What is the ultimate goal of an officer when interacting with a subject?

  • To achieve subject compliance (correct)
  • To de-escalate the situation
  • To use force to achieve compliance
  • To disengage from the situation
  • What happens when an officer increases the use of force or resistance in response to a subject's actions?

  • Compliance
  • Escalation (correct)
  • De-escalation
  • Disengagement
  • Under what circumstances are officers legally permitted to escalate their use of force?

  • When a subject is resisting (correct)
  • When a subject is compliant
  • When a subject is disengaging
  • When a subject is de-escalating
  • What is the primary difference between de-escalation and disengagement?

    <p>De-escalation involves decreasing the use of force, while disengagement involves discontinuing a command</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of an interaction when an officer achieves subject compliance?

    <p>The subject yields to the officer's authority without apparent threat of resistance or violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of passive resistance?

    <p>The subject's refusal to comply with the officer's lawful direction requires the officer to use physical techniques to establish control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of active resistance?

    <p>A subject physically hanging on to a person or object to prevent removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a subject's behavior during an active resistance interaction?

    <p>The subject uses physical evasive movements to prevent the officer from establishing control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of aggressive resistance?

    <p>Hostile, attacking movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of aggressive resistance?

    <p>A subject pushes the officer back as the officer tries to take them into custody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary intention of a subject who exhibits deadly force resistance?

    <p>To cause death or great bodily harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines whether a subject's actions constitute deadly force resistance?

    <p>The reasonable perception of the officer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of a subject's deadly force resistance?

    <p>The officer is legally permitted to use deadly force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an officer's command presence?

    <p>To convey confidence and control through erect posture and alertness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of physical control technique?

    <p>Mediation strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of an officer's presence during an interaction?

    <p>To convey ability and readiness to take control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between officer presence and command presence?

    <p>Officer presence conveys ability, while command presence conveys confidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a leverage-enhanced technique?

    <p>Using a restraint device to control a resistant subject</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines whether a subject has the ability to carry out their intent to cause death or great bodily harm?

    <p>The subject's physical size and condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a subject having the opportunity to carry out their intent to cause death or great bodily harm?

    <p>A suspect carrying a firearm and standing closer to an officer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of intent in the context of deadly force decisions?

    <p>A reasonably perceived, imminent threat to an officer or others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines whether a subject's actions constitute an imminent threat to an officer or others?

    <p>The totality of the circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between ability and opportunity in the context of deadly force decisions?

    <p>Ability refers to the subject's means of causing harm, while opportunity refers to the subject's capability to act on their intent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines a subject's ability to carry out their intent to cause death or great bodily harm?

    <p>The subject's physical size and condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a subject having the opportunity to carry out their intent to cause death or great bodily harm?

    <p>A subject standing close to an officer with a knife</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of intent in the context of deadly force decisions?

    <p>A subject's intention to voluntarily make a bodily movement that becomes an act to commit a criminal offense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do officers determine whether a subject's actions constitute an imminent threat to an officer or others?

    <p>Based on the totality of the circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor in determining a subject's ability to carry out their intent to cause death or great bodily harm?

    <p>The officer's level of training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between ability, opportunity, and intent in the context of deadly force decisions?

    <p>All three factors must be present simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Officer's Goal and Compliance

    • An officer's primary goal is to achieve subject compliance, which is the verbal or physical yielding to the officer's authority without apparent threat of resistance or violence.

    Key Concepts in Response to Resistance

    • Escalation: increasing the use of force or resistance in response to a subject's actions.
    • De-escalation: decreasing the use of force or resistance to resolve a situation peacefully.
    • Disengagement: discontinuing a command or physical use of force, such as breaking away from a subject.

    Use of Force and Resistance

    • Officers are legally permitted to escalate their use of force as the subject escalates their level of resistance.

    Passive Resistance

    • Refers to a subject's verbal or physical refusal to comply with an officer's lawful direction
    • Causes the officer to use physical techniques to establish control

    Examples of Passive Resistance

    • Refusing to move at the officer's direction
    • Refusing to leave the vehicle when arrested during a traffic stop
    • Refusing to take hands out of pockets or from behind the back

    Active Resistance

    • Active resistance is a type of physical resistance where a subject uses evasive movements to prevent an officer from establishing control.
    • This can include bracing, tensing, pushing, or pulling against the officer.
    • Examples of active resistance include:
      • Physically holding onto a person or object to avoid being removed.
      • Bracing or pulling away from an officer when they grip the subject's arm.
      • Attempting to run when an officer touches or tries to grab the subject's arm or shoulder.

    Aggressive Resistance

    • Defined as hostile, attacking movements that may cause injury but are not likely to cause death or great bodily harm to the officer or others
    • Examples of aggressive resistance include:
      • Balling up fists and approaching the officer
      • Pushing the officer back while being taken into custody
      • Grabbing any part of the officer's body

    Deadly Force Resistance

    • Characterized as hostile, attacking movements that can be with or without a weapon
    • Creates a reasonable perception by the officer that the subject intends to cause death or great bodily harm to the officer or others
    • Subject must have the capability of causing death or great bodily harm

    Officer Presence

    • Officer presence is the ability to convey to subjects and onlookers that you are able and ready to take control of a situation
    • It involves conveying confidence and authority through non-verbal cues

    Command Presence

    • Command presence refers to a person's demeanor and how they carry themselves
    • It involves exhibiting confidence through:
      • Erect posture
      • Alertness
      • Attention to surroundings

    Physical Control

    • Physical control involves achieving compliance or custody through the use of various techniques
    • Techniques used to achieve physical control include:
      • Empty-hand techniques
      • Leverage-enhanced techniques
      • Pain compliance
      • Transporters
      • Restraint devices
      • Takedowns
      • Striking techniques

    Criteria for Deadly Force

    • Officers use three criteria to decide whether to use deadly force: ability, opportunity, and intent.

    Ability

    • Refers to the subject's means to carry out their intent to cause death or great bodily harm.
    • A weapon is not required; a subject's physical abilities can be enough to pose a threat.
    • Example: a 6'4", 250-pound muscular man threatening to do bodily harm to an officer has the apparent ability to cause harm.

    Opportunity

    • Refers to the subject's capability to act on their plan to cause death or great bodily harm to the officer or others.
    • Often determined by the subject's weapon; a suspect with a knife may not be an immediate threat from a distance, but could be at close range.
    • The proximity of the subject to the officer or others can also affect opportunity.

    Intent

    • Refers to the subject's intention to voluntarily make the bodily movement that becomes the act to commit a criminal offense.
    • Can be viewed as a reasonably perceived, imminent threat to an officer or others based on a person's actions, behaviors, words, or other indicators.
    • Derived from the totality of the circumstances, including the subject's actions, words, and other indicators.

    Criteria for Deadly Force

    • Officers use three criteria to decide whether to use deadly force: ability, opportunity, and intent.

    Ability

    • Refers to the subject's means to carry out their intent to cause death or great bodily harm.
    • A weapon is not required; a subject's physical abilities can be enough to pose a threat.
    • Example: a 6'4", 250-pound muscular man threatening to do bodily harm to an officer has the apparent ability to cause harm.

    Opportunity

    • Refers to the subject's capability to act on their plan to cause death or great bodily harm to the officer or others.
    • Often determined by the subject's weapon; a suspect with a knife may not be an immediate threat from a distance, but could be at close range.
    • The proximity of the subject to the officer or others can also affect opportunity.

    Intent

    • Refers to the subject's intention to voluntarily make the bodily movement that becomes the act to commit a criminal offense.
    • Can be viewed as a reasonably perceived, imminent threat to an officer or others based on a person's actions, behaviors, words, or other indicators.
    • Derived from the totality of the circumstances, including the subject's actions, words, and other indicators.

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    Description

    Learn about the primary goal of an officer, including key concepts such as escalation, de-escalation, and disengagement in response to resistance.

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